chemistry2e_subchapter_to_learning_goal.json

{"1.1 Chemistry in Context": ["Outline the historical development of chemistry", "Provide examples of the importance of chemistry in everyday life", "Describe the scientific method", "Differentiate among hypotheses, theories, and laws", "Provide examples illustrating macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic domains"], "1.2 Phases and Classification of Matter": ["Describe the basic properties of each physical state of matter: solid, liquid, and gas", "Distinguish between mass and weight", "Apply the law of conservation of matter", "Classify matter as an element, compound, homogeneous mixture, or heterogeneous mixture with regard to its physical state and composition", "Define and give examples of atoms and molecules"], "1.3 Physical and Chemical Properties": ["Identify properties of and changes in matter as physical or chemical", "Identify properties of matter as extensive or intensive"], "1.4 Measurements": ["Explain the process of measurement", "Identify the three basic parts of a quantity", "Describe the properties and units of length, mass, volume, density, temperature, and time", "Perform basic unit calculations and conversions in the metric and other unit systems"], "1.5 Measurement Uncertainty, Accuracy, and Precision": ["Define accuracy and precision", "Distinguish exact and uncertain numbers", "Correctly represent uncertainty in quantities using significant figures", "Apply proper rounding rules to computed quantities"], "1.6 Mathematical Treatment of Measurement Results": ["Explain the dimensional analysis (factor label) approach to mathematical calculations involving quantities", "Use dimensional analysis to carry out unit conversions for a given property and computations involving two or more properties"], "2.1 Early Ideas in Atomic Theory": ["State the postulates of Dalton\u2019s atomic theory ", "Use postulates of Dalton\u2019s atomic theory to explain the laws of definite and multiple proportions"], "2.2 Evolution of Atomic Theory": ["Outline milestones in the development of modern atomic theory", "Summarize and interpret the results of the experiments of Thomson, Millikan, and Rutherford", "Describe the three subatomic particles that compose atoms", "Define isotopes and give examples for several elements"], "2.3 Atomic Structure and Symbolism": ["Write and interpret symbols that depict the atomic number, mass number, and charge of an atom or ion", "Define the atomic mass unit and average atomic mass", "Calculate average atomic mass and isotopic abundance"], "2.4 Chemical Formulas": ["Symbolize the composition of molecules using molecular formulas and empirical formulas", "Represent the bonding arrangement of atoms within molecules using structural formulas"], "2.5 The Periodic Table": ["State the periodic law and explain the organization of elements in the periodic table", "Predict the general properties of elements based on their location within the periodic table", "Identify metals, nonmetals, and metalloids by their properties and/or location on the periodic table"], "2.6 Ionic and Molecular Compounds": ["Define ionic and molecular (covalent) compounds", "Predict the type of compound formed from elements based on their location within the periodic table", "Determine formulas for simple ionic compounds"], "2.7 Chemical Nomenclature": ["Derive names for common types of inorganic compounds using a systematic approach"], "3.1 Formula Mass and the Mole Concept": ["Calculate formula masses for covalent and ionic compounds"], "3.2 Determining Empirical and Molecular Formulas": ["Compute the percent composition of a compound", "Determine the empirical formula of a compound", "Determine the molecular formula of a compound"], "3.3 Molarity": ["Describe the fundamental properties of solutions", "Calculate solution concentrations using molarity", "Perform dilution calculations using the dilution equation"], "3.4 Other Units for Solution Concentrations": ["Define the concentration units of mass percentage, volume percentage, mass-volume percentage, parts-per-million (ppm), and parts-per-billion (ppb)", "Perform computations relating a solution\u2019s concentration and its components\u2019 volumes and/or masses using these units"], "4.1 Writing and Balancing Chemical Equations": ["Derive chemical equations from narrative descriptions of chemical reactions.", "Write and balance chemical equations in molecular, total ionic, and net ionic formats."], "4.2 Classifying Chemical Reactions": ["Define three common types of chemical reactions (precipitation, acid-base, and oxidation-reduction)", "Classify chemical reactions as one of these three types given appropriate descriptions or chemical equations", "Identify common acids and bases", "Predict the solubility of common inorganic compounds by using solubility rules", "Compute the oxidation states for elements in compounds"], "4.3 Reaction Stoichiometry": ["Explain the concept of stoichiometry as it pertains to chemical reactions", "Use balanced chemical equations to derive stoichiometric factors relating amounts of reactants and products", "Perform stoichiometric calculations involving mass, moles, and solution molarity"], "4.4 Reaction Yields": ["Explain the concepts of theoretical yield and limiting reactants/reagents.", "Derive the theoretical yield for a reaction under specified conditions.", "Calculate the percent yield for a reaction."], "4.5 Quantitative Chemical Analysis": ["Describe the fundamental aspects of titrations and gravimetric analysis.", "Perform stoichiometric calculations using typical titration and gravimetric data."], "5.1 Energy Basics": ["Define energy, distinguish types of energy, and describe the nature of energy changes that accompany chemical and physical changes", "Distinguish the related properties of heat, thermal energy, and temperature", "Define and distinguish specific heat and heat capacity, and describe the physical implications of both", "Perform calculations involving heat, specific heat, and temperature change"], "5.2 Calorimetry": ["Explain the technique of calorimetry", "Calculate and interpret heat and related properties using typical calorimetry data"], "5.3 Enthalpy": ["State the first law of thermodynamics", "Define enthalpy and explain its classification as a state function", "Write and balance thermochemical equations", "Calculate enthalpy changes for various chemical reactions", "Explain Hess\u2019s law and use it to compute reaction enthalpies"], "6.1 Electromagnetic Energy": ["Explain the basic behavior of waves, including travelling waves and standing waves", "Describe the wave nature of light", "Use appropriate equations to calculate related light-wave properties such as frequency, wavelength, and energy", "Distinguish between line and continuous emission spectra", "Describe the particle nature of light"], "6.2 The Bohr Model": ["Describe the Bohr model of the hydrogen atom", "Use the Rydberg equation to calculate energies of light emitted or absorbed by hydrogen atoms"], "6.3 Development of Quantum Theory": ["Extend the concept of wave\u2013particle duality that was observed in electromagnetic radiation to matter as well", "Understand the general idea of the quantum mechanical description of electrons in an atom, and that it uses the notion of three-dimensional wave functions, or orbitals, that define the distribution of probability to find an electron in a particular part of space", "List and describe traits of the four quantum numbers that form the basis for completely specifying the state of an electron in an atom"], "6.4 Electronic Structure of Atoms Electron Configurations": ["Derive the predicted ground-state electron configurations of atoms", "Identify and explain exceptions to predicted electron configurations for atoms and ions", "Relate electron configurations to element classifications in the periodic table"], "6.5 Periodic Variations in Element Properties": ["Describe and explain the observed trends in atomic size, ionization energy, and electron affinity of the elements"], "7.1 Ionic Bonding": ["Explain the formation of cations, anions, and ionic compounds", "Predict the charge of common metallic and nonmetallic elements, and write their electron configurations"], "7.2 Covalent Bonding": ["Describe the formation of covalent bonds", "Define electronegativity and assess the polarity of covalent bonds"], "7.3 Lewis Symbols and Structures": ["Write Lewis symbols for neutral atoms and ions", "Draw Lewis structures depicting the bonding in simple molecules"], "7.4 Formal Charges and Resonance": ["Compute formal charges for atoms in any Lewis structure", "Use formal charges to identify the most reasonable Lewis structure for a given molecule", "Explain the concept of resonance and draw Lewis structures representing resonance forms for a given molecule"], "7.5 Strengths of Ionic and Covalent Bonds": ["Describe the energetics of covalent and ionic bond formation and breakage", "Use the Born-Haber cycle to compute lattice energies for ionic compounds", "Use average covalent bond energies to estimate enthalpies of reaction"], "7.6 Molecular Structure and Polarity": ["Predict the structures of small molecules using valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory", "Explain the concepts of polar covalent bonds and molecular polarity", "Assess the polarity of a molecule based on its bonding and structure"], "8.1 Valence Bond Theory": ["Describe the formation of covalent bonds in terms of atomic orbital overlap", "Define and give examples of \u03c3 and \u03c0 bonds"], "8.2 Hybrid Atomic Orbitals": ["Explain the concept of atomic orbital hybridization", "Determine the hybrid orbitals associated with various molecular geometries"], "8.3 Multiple Bonds": ["Describe multiple covalent bonding in terms of atomic orbital overlap", "Relate the concept of resonance to \u03c0-bonding and electron delocalization"], "8.4 Molecular Orbital Theory": ["Outline the basic quantum-mechanical approach to deriving molecular orbitals from atomic orbitals", "Describe traits of bonding and antibonding molecular orbitals", "Calculate bond orders based on molecular electron configurations", "Write molecular electron configurations for first- and second-row diatomic molecules", "Relate these electron configurations to the molecules\u2019 stabilities and magnetic properties"], "9.1 Gas Pressure": ["Define the property of pressure", "Define and convert among the units of pressure measurements", "Describe the operation of common tools for measuring gas pressure", "Calculate pressure from manometer data"], "9.2 Relating Pressure, Volume, Amount, and Temperature: The Ideal Gas Law": ["Identify the mathematical relationships between the various properties of gases", "Use the ideal gas law, and related gas laws, to compute the values of various gas properties under specified conditions"], "9.3 Stoichiometry of Gaseous Substances, Mixtures, and Reactions": ["Use the ideal gas law to compute gas densities and molar masses", "Perform stoichiometric calculations involving gaseous substances", "State Dalton\u2019s law of partial pressures and use it in calculations involving gaseous mixtures"], "9.4 Effusion and Diffusion of Gases": ["Define and explain effusion and diffusion", "State Graham\u2019s law and use it to compute relevant gas properties"], "9.5 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory": ["State the postulates of the kinetic-molecular theory", "Use this theory\u2019s postulates to explain the gas laws"], "9.6 Non-Ideal Gas Behavior": ["Describe the physical factors that lead to deviations from ideal gas behavior", "Explain how these factors are represented in the van der Waals equation", "Define compressibility (Z) and describe how its variation with pressure reflects non-ideal behavior", "Quantify non-ideal behavior by comparing computations of gas properties using the ideal gas law and the van der Waals equation"], "10.1 Intermolecular Forces": ["Describe the types of intermolecular forces possible between atoms or molecules in condensed phases (dispersion forces, dipole-dipole attractions, and hydrogen bonding)", "Identify the types of intermolecular forces experienced by specific molecules based on their structures", "Explain the relation between the intermolecular forces present within a substance and the temperatures associated with changes in its physical state"], "10.2 Properties of Liquids": ["Distinguish between adhesive and cohesive forces", "Define viscosity, surface tension, and capillary rise", "Describe the roles of intermolecular attractive forces in each of these properties/phenomena"], "10.3 Phase Transitions": ["Define phase transitions and phase transition temperatures", "Explain the relation between phase transition temperatures and intermolecular attractive forces", "Describe the processes represented by typical heating and cooling curves, and compute heat flows and enthalpy changes accompanying these processes"], "10.4 Phase Diagrams": ["Explain the construction and use of a typical phase diagram", "Use phase diagrams to identify stable phases at given temperatures and pressures, and to describe phase transitions resulting from changes in these properties", "Describe the supercritical fluid phase of matter"], "10.5 The Solid State of Matter": ["Define and describe the bonding and properties of ionic, molecular, metallic, and covalent network crystalline solids", "Describe the main types of crystalline solids: ionic solids, metallic solids, covalent network solids, and molecular solids", "Explain the ways in which crystal defects can occur in a solid"], "10.6 Lattice Structures in Crystalline Solids": ["Describe the arrangement of atoms and ions in crystalline structures", "Compute ionic radii using unit cell dimensions", "Explain the use of X-ray diffraction measurements in determining crystalline structures"], "11.1 The Dissolution Process": ["Describe the basic properties of solutions and how they form", "Predict whether a given mixture will yield a solution based on molecular properties of its components", "Explain why some solutions either produce or absorb heat when they form"], "11.2 Electrolytes": ["Define and give examples of electrolytes", "Distinguish between the physical and chemical changes that accompany dissolution of ionic and covalent electrolytes", "Relate electrolyte strength to solute-solvent attractive forces"], "11.3 Solubility": ["Describe the effects of temperature and pressure on solubility", "State Henry\u2019s law and use it in calculations involving the solubility of a gas in a liquid", "Explain the degrees of solubility possible for liquid-liquid solutions"], "11.4 Colligative Properties": ["Express concentrations of solution components using mole fraction and molality", "Describe the effect of solute concentration on various solution properties (vapor pressure, boiling point, freezing point, and osmotic pressure)", "Perform calculations using the mathematical equations that describe these various colligative effects", "Describe the process of distillation and its practical applications", "Explain the process of osmosis and describe how it is applied industrially and in nature"], "11.5 Colloids": ["Describe the composition and properties of colloidal dispersions", "List and explain several technological applications of colloids"], "12.1 Chemical Reaction Rates": ["Define chemical reaction rate", "Derive rate expressions from the balanced equation for a given chemical reaction", "Calculate reaction rates from experimental data"], "12.2 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates": ["Describe the effects of chemical nature, physical state, temperature, concentration, and catalysis on reaction rates"], "12.3 Rate Laws": ["Explain the form and function of a rate law", "Use rate laws to calculate reaction rates", "Use rate and concentration data to identify reaction orders and derive rate laws"], "12.4 Integrated Rate Laws": ["Explain the form and function of an integrated rate law", "Perform integrated rate law calculations for zero-, first-, and second-order reactions", "Define half-life and carry out related calculations", "Identify the order of a reaction from concentration/time data"], "12.5 Collision Theory": ["Use the postulates of collision theory to explain the effects of physical state, temperature, and concentration on reaction rates", "Define the concepts of activation energy and transition state", "Use the Arrhenius equation in calculations relating rate constants to temperature"], "12.6 Reaction Mechanisms": ["Distinguish net reactions from elementary reactions (steps)", "Identify the molecularity of elementary reactions", "Write a balanced chemical equation for a process given its reaction mechanism", "Derive the rate law consistent with a given reaction mechanism"], "12.7 Catalysis": ["Explain the function of a catalyst in terms of reaction mechanisms and potential energy diagrams", "List examples of catalysis in natural and industrial processes"], "13.1 Chemical Equilibria": ["Describe the nature of equilibrium systems", "Explain the dynamic nature of a chemical equilibrium"], "13.2 Equilibrium Constants": ["Derive reaction quotients from chemical equations representing homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions", "Calculate values of reaction quotients and equilibrium constants, using concentrations and pressures", "Relate the magnitude of an equilibrium constant to properties of the chemical system"], "13.3 Shifting Equilibria: Le Chateliers Principle": ["Describe the ways in which an equilibrium system can be stressed", "Predict the response of a stressed equilibrium using Le Ch\u00e2telier\u2019s principle"], "13.4 Equilibrium Calculations": ["Identify the changes in concentration or pressure that occur for chemical species in equilibrium systems", "Calculate equilibrium concentrations or pressures and equilibrium constants, using various algebraic approaches"], "14.1 Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases": ["Identify acids, bases, and conjugate acid-base pairs according to the Br\u00f8nsted-Lowry definition", "Write equations for acid and base ionization reactions", "Use the ion-product constant for water to calculate hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations", "Describe the acid-base behavior of amphiprotic substances"], "14.2 pH and pOH": ["Explain the characterization of aqueous solutions as acidic, basic, or neutral", "Express hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations on the pH and pOH scales", "Perform calculations relating pH and pOH"], "14.3 Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases": ["Assess the relative strengths of acids and bases according to their ionization constants", "Rationalize trends in acid\u2013base strength in relation to molecular structure", "Carry out equilibrium calculations for weak acid\u2013base systems"], "14.4 Hydrolysis of Salts": ["Predict whether a salt solution will be acidic, basic, or neutral", "Calculate the concentrations of the various species in a salt solution", "Describe the acid ionization of hydrated metal ions"], "14.5 Polyprotic Acids": ["Extend previously introduced equilibrium concepts to acids and bases that may donate or accept more than one proton"], "14.6 Buffers": ["Describe the composition and function of acid\u2013base buffers", "Calculate the pH of a buffer before and after the addition of added acid or base"], "14.7 Acid-Base Titrations": ["Interpret titration curves for strong and weak acid-base systems", "Compute sample pH at important stages of a titration", "Explain the function of acid-base indicators"], "15.1 Precipitation and Dissolution": ["Write chemical equations and equilibrium expressions representing solubility equilibria", "Carry out equilibrium computations involving solubility, equilibrium expressions, and solute concentrations"], "15.2 Lewis Acids and Bases": ["Explain the Lewis model of acid-base chemistry", "Write equations for the formation of adducts and complex ions", "Perform equilibrium calculations involving formation constants"], "15.3 Coupled Equilibria": ["Describe examples of systems involving two (or more) coupled chemical equilibria", "Calculate reactant and product concentrations for coupled equilibrium systems"], "16.1 Spontaneity": ["Distinguish between spontaneous and nonspontaneous processes", "Describe the dispersal of matter and energy that accompanies certain spontaneous processes"], "16.2 Entropy": ["Define entropy", "Explain the relationship between entropy and the number of microstates", "Predict the sign of the entropy change for chemical and physical processes"], "16.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics": ["State and explain the second and third laws of thermodynamics", "Calculate entropy changes for phase transitions and chemical reactions under standard conditions"], "16.4 Free Energy": ["Define Gibbs free energy, and describe its relation to spontaneity", "Calculate free energy change for a process using free energies of formation for its reactants and products", "Calculate free energy change for a process using enthalpies of formation and the entropies for its reactants and products", "Explain how temperature affects the spontaneity of some processes", "Relate standard free energy changes to equilibrium constants"], "17.1 Review of Redox Chemistry": ["Describe defining traits of redox chemistry", "Identify the oxidant and reductant of a redox reaction", "Balance chemical equations for redox reactions using the half-reaction method"], "17.2 Galvanic Cells": ["Describe the function of a galvanic cell and its components", "Use cell notation to symbolize the composition and construction of galvanic cells"], "17.3 Electrode and Cell Potentials": ["Describe and relate the definitions of electrode and cell potentials", "Interpret electrode potentials in terms of relative oxidant and reductant strengths", "Calculate cell potentials and predict redox spontaneity using standard electrode potentials"], "17.4 Potential, Free Energy, and Equilibrium": ["Explain the relations between potential, free energy change, and equilibrium constants", "Perform calculations involving the relations between cell potentials, free energy changes, and equilibrium", "Use the Nernst equation to determine cell potentials under nonstandard conditions"], "17.5 Batteries and Fuel Cells": ["Describe the electrochemistry associated with several common batteries", "Distinguish the operation of a fuel cell from that of a battery"], "17.6 Corrosion": ["Define corrosion", "List some of the methods used to prevent or slow corrosion"], "17.7 Electrolysis": ["Describe the process of electrolysis", "Compare the operation of electrolytic cells with that of galvanic cells", "Perform stoichiometric calculations for electrolytic processes"], "18.1 Periodicity": ["Classify elements", "Make predictions about the periodicity properties of the representative elements"], "18.2 Occurrence and Preparation of the Representative Metals": ["Identify natural sources of representative metals", "Describe electrolytic and chemical reduction processes used to prepare these elements from natural sources"], "18.3 Structure and General Properties of the Metalloids": ["Describe the general preparation, properties, and uses of the metalloids", "Describe the preparation, properties, and compounds of boron and silicon"], "18.4 Structure and General Properties of the Nonmetals": ["Describe structure and properties of nonmetals"], "18.5 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Hydrogen": ["Describe the properties, preparation, and compounds of hydrogen"], "18.6 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Carbonates": ["Describe the preparation, properties, and uses of some representative metal carbonates"], "18.7 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Nitrogen": ["Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of nitrogen"], "18.8 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Phosphorus": ["Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of phosphorus"], "18.9 Occurrence, Preparation, and Compounds of Oxygen": ["Describe the properties, preparation, and compounds of oxygen", "Describe the preparation, properties, and uses of some representative metal oxides, peroxides, and hydroxides"], "18.10 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Sulfur": ["Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of sulfur"], "18.11 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Halogens": ["Describe the preparation, properties, and uses of halogens", "Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of halogen compounds"], "18.12 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of the Noble Gases": ["Describe the properties, preparation, and uses of the noble gases"], "19.1 Occurrence, Preparation, and Properties of Transition Metals and Their Compounds": [], "19.2 Coordination Chemistry of Transition Metals": ["List the defining traits of coordination compounds", "Describe the structures of complexes containing monodentate and polydentate ligands", "Use standard nomenclature rules to name coordination compounds", "Explain and provide examples of geometric and optical isomerism", "Identify several natural and technological occurrences of coordination compounds"], "19.3 Spectroscopic and Magnetic Properties of Coordination Compounds": ["Outline the basic premise of crystal field theory (CFT)", "Identify molecular geometries associated with various d-orbital splitting patterns", "Predict electron configurations of split d orbitals for selected transition metal atoms or ions", "Explain spectral and magnetic properties in terms of CFT concepts"], "20.1 Hydrocarbons": ["Explain the importance of hydrocarbons and the reason for their diversity", "Name saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and molecules derived from them", "Describe the reactions characteristic of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons", "Identify structural and geometric isomers of hydrocarbons"], "20.2 Alcohols and Ethers": ["Describe the structure and properties of alcohols", "Describe the structure and properties of ethers", "Name and draw structures for alcohols and ethers"], "20.3 Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters": ["Describe the structure and properties of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters"], "20.4 Amines and Amides": ["Describe the structure and properties of an amine", "Describe the structure and properties of an amide"], "21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability": ["Describe nuclear structure in terms of protons, neutrons, and electrons", "Calculate mass defect and binding energy for nuclei", "Explain trends in the relative stability of nuclei"], "21.2 Nuclear Equations": ["Identify common particles and energies involved in nuclear reactions", "Write and balance nuclear equations"], "21.3 Radioactive Decay": ["Recognize common modes of radioactive decay", "Identify common particles and energies involved in nuclear decay reactions", "Write and balance nuclear decay equations", "Calculate kinetic parameters for decay processes, including half-life", "Describe common radiometric dating techniques"], "21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy": ["Describe the synthesis of transuranium nuclides", "Explain nuclear fission and fusion processes", "Relate the concepts of critical mass and nuclear chain reactions", "Summarize basic requirements for nuclear fission and fusion reactors"], "21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes": ["List common applications of radioactive isotopes"], "21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation": ["Describe the biological impact of ionizing radiation", "Define units for measuring radiation exposure", "Explain the operation of common tools for detecting radioactivity", "List common sources of radiation exposure in the US"]}