universityphysicsvolume2_subchapter_to_learning_goal.json

{"1.1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium": ["Define temperature and describe it qualitatively", "Explain thermal equilibrium", "Explain the zeroth law of thermodynamics"], "1.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales": ["Describe several different types of thermometers", "Convert temperatures between the Celsius, Fahrenheit, and Kelvin scales"], "1.3 Thermal Expansion": ["Answer qualitative questions about the effects of thermal expansion", "Solve problems involving thermal expansion, including those involving thermal stress"], "1.4 Heat Transfer, Specific Heat, and Calorimetry": ["Explain phenomena involving heat as a form of energy transfer", "Solve problems involving heat transfer"], "1.5 Phase Changes": ["Describe phase transitions and equilibrium between phases", "Solve problems involving latent heat", "Solve calorimetry problems involving phase changes"], "1.6 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer": ["Explain some phenomena that involve conductive, convective, and radiative heat transfer", "Solve problems on the relationships between heat transfer, time, and rate of heat transfer", "Solve problems using the formulas for conduction and radiation"], "2.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas": ["Apply the ideal gas law to situations involving the pressure, volume, temperature, and the number of molecules of a gas", "Use the unit of moles in relation to numbers of molecules, and molecular and macroscopic masses", "Explain the ideal gas law in terms of moles rather than numbers of molecules", "Apply the van der Waals gas law to situations where the ideal gas law is inadequate"], "2.2 Pressure, Temperature, and RMS Speed": ["Explain the relations between microscopic and macroscopic quantities in a gas", "Solve problems involving mixtures of gases", "Solve problems involving the distance and time between a gas molecule\u2019s collisions"], "2.3 Heat Capacity and Equipartition of Energy": ["Solve problems involving heat transfer to and from ideal monatomic gases whose volumes are held constant", "Solve similar problems for non-monatomic ideal gases based on the number of degrees of freedom of a molecule", "Estimate the heat capacities of metals using a model based on degrees of freedom"], "2.4 Distribution of Molecular Speeds": ["Describe the distribution of molecular speeds in an ideal gas", "Find the average and most probable molecular speeds in an ideal gas"], "3.1 Thermodynamic Systems": ["Define a thermodynamic system, its boundary, and its surroundings", "Explain the roles of all the components involved in thermodynamics", "Define thermal equilibrium and thermodynamic temperature", "Link an equation of state to a system"], "3.2 Work, Heat, and Internal Energy": ["Describe the work done by a system, heat transfer between objects, and internal energy change of a system", "Calculate the work, heat transfer, and internal energy change in a simple process"], "3.3 First Law of Thermodynamics": ["State the first law of thermodynamics and explain how it is applied", "Explain how heat transfer, work done, and internal energy change are related in any thermodynamic process"], "3.4 Thermodynamic Processes": ["Define a thermodynamic process", "Distinguish between quasi-static and non-quasi-static processes", "Calculate physical quantities, such as the heat transferred, work done, and internal energy change for isothermal, adiabatic, and cyclical thermodynamic processes"], "3.5 Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas": ["Define heat capacity of an ideal gas for a specific process", "Calculate the specific heat of an ideal gas for either an isobaric or isochoric process", "Explain the difference between the heat capacities of an ideal gas and a real gas", "Estimate the change in specific heat of a gas over temperature ranges"], "3.6 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas": ["Define adiabatic expansion of an ideal gas", "Demonstrate the qualitative difference between adiabatic and isothermal expansions"], "4.1 Reversible and Irreversible Processes": ["Define reversible and irreversible processes", "State the second law of thermodynamics via an irreversible process"], "4.2 Heat Engines": ["Describe the function and components of a heat engine", "Explain the efficiency of an engine", "Calculate the efficiency of an engine for a given cycle of an ideal gas"], "4.3 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps": ["Describe a refrigerator and a heat pump and list their differences", "Calculate the performance coefficients of simple refrigerators and heat pumps"], "4.4 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics": ["Contrast the second law of thermodynamics statements according to Kelvin and Clausius formulations", "Interpret the second of thermodynamics via irreversibility"], "4.5 The Carnot Cycle": ["Describe the Carnot cycle with the roles of all four processes involved", "Outline the Carnot principle and its implications", "Demonstrate the equivalence of the Carnot principle and the second law of thermodynamics"], "4.6 Entropy": ["Describe the meaning of entropy", "Calculate the change of entropy for some simple processes"], "4.7 Entropy on a Microscopic Scale": ["Interpret the meaning of entropy at a microscopic scale", "Calculate a change in entropy for an irreversible process of a system and contrast with the change in entropy of the universe", "Explain the third law of thermodynamics"], "5.1 Electric Charge": ["Describe the concept of electric charge", "Explain qualitatively the force electric charge creates"], "5.2 Conductors, Insulators, and Charging by Induction": ["Explain what a conductor is", "Explain what an insulator is", "List the differences and similarities between conductors and insulators", "Describe the process of charging by induction"], "5.3 Coulombs Law": ["Describe the electric force, both qualitatively and quantitatively", "Calculate the force that charges exert on each other", "Determine the direction of the electric force for different source charges", "Correctly describe and apply the superposition principle for multiple source charges"], "5.4 Electric Field": ["Explain the purpose of the electric field concept", "Describe the properties of the electric field", " Calculate the field of a collection of source charges of either sign"], "5.5 Calculating Electric Fields of Charge Distributions": ["Explain what a continuous source charge distribution is and how it is related to the concept of quantization of charge", "Describe line charges, surface charges, and volume charges", "Calculate the field of a continuous source charge distribution of either sign"], "5.6 Electric Field Lines": ["Explain the purpose of an electric field diagram", "Describe the relationship between a vector diagram and a field line diagram", "Explain the rules for creating a field diagram and why these rules make physical sense", "Sketch the field of an arbitrary source charge"], "5.7 Electric Dipoles": ["Describe a permanent dipole", "Describe an induced dipole", "Define and calculate an electric dipole moment", "Explain the physical meaning of the dipole moment"], "6.1 Electric Flux": ["Define the concept of flux", "Describe electric flux", "Calculate electric flux for a given situation"], "6.2 Explaining Gausss Law": ["State Gauss\u2019s law", "Explain the conditions under which Gauss\u2019s law may be used", "Apply Gauss\u2019s law in appropriate systems"], "6.3 Applying Gausss Law": ["Explain what spherical, cylindrical, and planar symmetry are", "Recognize whether or not a given system possesses one of these symmetries", "Apply Gauss\u2019s law to determine the electric field of a system with one of these symmetries"], "6.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium": ["Describe the electric field within a conductor at equilibrium", "Describe the electric field immediately outside the surface of a charged conductor at equilibrium", "Explain why if the field is not as described in the first two objectives, the conductor is not at equilibrium"], "7.1 Electric Potential Energy": ["Define the work done by an electric force", "Define electric potential energy", "Apply work and potential energy in systems with electric charges"], "7.2 Electric Potential and Potential Difference": ["Define electric potential, voltage, and potential difference", "Define the electron-volt", "Calculate electric potential and potential difference from potential energy and electric field", "Describe systems in which the electron-volt is a useful unit", "Apply conservation of energy to electric systems"], "7.3 Calculations of Electric Potential": ["Calculate the potential due to a point charge", "Calculate the potential of a system of multiple point charges", "Describe an electric dipole", "Define dipole moment", "Calculate the potential of a continuous charge distribution"], "7.4 Determining Field from Potential": ["Explain how to calculate the electric field in a system from the given potential", "Calculate the electric field in a given direction from a given potential", "Calculate the electric field throughout space from a given potential"], "7.5 Equipotential Surfaces and Conductors": ["Define equipotential surfaces and equipotential lines", "Explain the relationship between equipotential lines and electric field lines", "Map equipotential lines for one or two point charges", "Describe the potential of a conductor", "Compare and contrast equipotential lines and elevation lines on topographic maps"], "7.6 Applications of Electrostatics": ["Describe some of the many practical applications of electrostatics, including several printing technologies", "Relate these applications to Newton\u2019s second law and the electric force"], "8.1 Capacitors and Capacitance": ["Explain the concepts of a capacitor and its capacitance", "Describe how to evaluate the capacitance of a system of conductors"], "8.2 Capacitors in Series and in Parallel": ["Explain how to determine the equivalent capacitance of capacitors in series and in parallel combinations", "Compute the potential difference across the plates and the charge on the plates for a capacitor in a network and determine the net capacitance of a network of capacitors"], "8.3 Energy Stored in a Capacitor": ["Explain how energy is stored in a capacitor", "Use energy relations to determine the energy stored in a capacitor network"], "8.4 Capacitor with a Dielectric": ["Describe the effects a dielectric in a capacitor has on capacitance and other properties", "Calculate the capacitance of a capacitor containing a dielectric"], "8.5 Molecular Model of a Dielectric": ["Explain the polarization of a dielectric in a uniform electrical field", "Describe the effect of a polarized dielectric on the electrical field between capacitor plates", "Explain dielectric breakdown"], "9.1 Electrical Current": ["Describe an electrical current", "Define the unit of electrical current", "Explain the direction of current flow"], "9.2 Model of Conduction in Metals": ["Define the drift velocity of charges moving through a metal", "Define the vector current density", "Describe the operation of an incandescent lamp"], "9.3 Resistivity and Resistance": ["Differentiate between resistance and resistivity", "Define the term conductivity", "Describe the electrical component known as a resistor", "State the relationship between resistance of a resistor and its length, cross-sectional area, and resistivity", "State the relationship between resistivity and temperature"], "9.4 Ohms Law": ["Describe Ohm\u2019s law", "Recognize when Ohm\u2019s law applies and when it does not"], "9.5 Electrical Energy and Power": ["Express electrical power in terms of the voltage and the current", "Describe the power dissipated by a resistor in an electric circuit", "Calculate the energy efficiency and cost effectiveness of appliances and equipment"], "9.6 Superconductors": ["Describe the phenomenon of superconductivity", "List applications of superconductivity"], "10.1 Electromotive Force": ["Describe the electromotive force (emf) and the internal resistance of a battery", "Explain the basic operation of a battery"], "10.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel": ["Define the term equivalent resistance", "Calculate the equivalent resistance of resistors connected in series", "Calculate the equivalent resistance of resistors connected in parallel"], "10.3 Kirchhoffs Rules": ["State Kirchhoff\u2019s junction rule", "State Kirchhoff\u2019s loop rule", "Analyze complex circuits using Kirchhoff\u2019s rules"], "10.4 Electrical Measuring Instruments": ["Describe how to connect a voltmeter in a circuit to measure voltage", "Describe how to connect an ammeter in a circuit to measure current", "Describe the use of an ohmmeter"], "10.5 RC Circuits": ["Describe the charging process of a capacitor", "Describe the discharging process of a capacitor", "List some applications of RC circuits"], "10.6 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety": ["List the basic concepts involved in house wiring", "Define the terms thermal hazard and shock hazard", "Describe the effects of electrical shock on human physiology and their relationship to the amount of current through the body", "Explain the function of fuses and circuit breakers"], "11.1 Magnetism and Its Historical Discoveries": ["Explain attraction and repulsion by magnets", "Describe the historical and contemporary applications of magnetism"], "11.2 Magnetic Fields and Lines": ["Define the magnetic field based on a moving charge experiencing a force", "Apply the right-hand rule to determine the direction of a magnetic force based on the motion of a charge in a magnetic field", "Sketch magnetic field lines to understand which way the magnetic field points and how strong it is in a region of space"], "11.3 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field": ["Explain how a charged particle in an external magnetic field undergoes circular motion", "Describe how to determine the radius of the circular motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field"], "11.4 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor": ["Determine the direction in which a current-carrying wire experiences a force in an external magnetic field", "Calculate the force on a current-carrying wire in an external magnetic field"], "11.5 Force and Torque on a Current Loop": ["Evaluate the net force on a current loop in an external magnetic field", "Evaluate the net torque on a current loop in an external magnetic field", "Define the magnetic dipole moment of a current loop"], "11.6 The Hall Effect": ["Explain a scenario where the magnetic and electric fields are crossed and their forces balance each other as a charged particle moves through a velocity selector", "Compare how charge carriers move in a conductive material and explain how this relates to the Hall effect"], "11.7 Applications of Magnetic Forces and Fields": ["Explain how a mass spectrometer works to separate charges", "Explain how a cyclotron works"], "12.1 The Biot-Savart Law": ["Explain how to derive a magnetic field from an arbitrary current in a line segment", "Calculate magnetic field from the Biot-Savart law in specific geometries, such as a current in a line and a current in a circular arc"], "12.2 Magnetic Field Due to a Thin Straight Wire": ["Explain how the Biot-Savart law is used to determine the magnetic field due to a thin, straight wire.", "Determine the dependence of the magnetic field from a thin, straight wire based on the distance from it and the current flowing in the wire.", "Sketch the magnetic field created from a thin, straight wire by using the second right-hand rule."], "12.3 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Currents": ["Explain how parallel wires carrying currents can attract or repel each other", "Define the ampere and describe how it is related to current-carrying wires", "Calculate the force of attraction or repulsion between two current-carrying wires"], "12.4 Magnetic Field of a Current Loop": ["Explain how the Biot-Savart law is used to determine the magnetic field due to a current in a loop of wire at a point along a line perpendicular to the plane of the loop.", "Determine the magnetic field of an arc of current."], "12.5 Amperes Law": ["Explain how Amp\u00e8re\u2019s law relates the magnetic field produced by a current to the value of the current", "Calculate the magnetic field from a long straight wire, either thin or thick, by Amp\u00e8re\u2019s law"], "12.6 Solenoids and Toroids": ["Establish a relationship for how the magnetic field of a solenoid varies with distance and current by using both the Biot-Savart law and Amp\u00e8re\u2019s law", "Establish a relationship for how the magnetic field of a toroid varies with distance and current by using Amp\u00e8re\u2019s law"], "12.7 Magnetism in Matter": ["Classify magnetic materials as paramagnetic, diamagnetic, or ferromagnetic, based on their response to a magnetic field", "Sketch how magnetic dipoles align with the magnetic field in each type of substance", "Define hysteresis and magnetic susceptibility, which determines the type of magnetic material"], "13.1 Faradays Law": ["Determine the magnetic flux through a surface, knowing the strength of the magnetic field, the surface area, and the angle between the normal to the surface and the magnetic field", "Use Faraday\u2019s law to determine the magnitude of induced emf in a closed loop due to changing magnetic flux through the loop"], "13.2 Lenzs Law": ["Use Lenz\u2019s law to determine the direction of induced emf whenever a magnetic flux changes", "Use Faraday\u2019s law with Lenz\u2019s law to determine the induced emf in a coil and in a solenoid"], "13.3 Motional Emf": ["Determine the magnitude of an induced emf in a wire moving at a constant speed through a magnetic field", "Discuss examples that use motional emf, such as a rail gun and a tethered satellite"], "13.4 Induced Electric Fields": ["Connect the relationship between an induced emf from Faraday\u2019s law to an electric field, thereby showing that a changing magnetic flux creates an electric field", "Solve for the electric field based on a changing magnetic flux in time"], "13.5 Eddy Currents": ["Explain how eddy currents are created in metals", "Describe situations where eddy currents are beneficial and where they are not helpful"], "13.6 Electric Generators and Back Emf": ["Explain how an electric generator works", "Determine the induced emf in a loop at any time interval, rotating at a constant rate in a magnetic field", "Show that rotating coils have an induced emf; in motors this is called back emf because it opposes the emf input to the motor"], "13.7 Applications of Electromagnetic Induction": ["Explain how computer hard drives and graphic tablets operate using magnetic induction", "Explain how hybrid/electric vehicles and transcranial magnetic stimulation use magnetic induction to their advantage"], "14.1 Mutual Inductance": ["Correlate two nearby circuits that carry time-varying currents with the emf induced in each circuit", "Describe examples in which mutual inductance may or may not be desirable"], "14.2 Self-Inductance and Inductors": ["Correlate the rate of change of current to the induced emf created by that current in the same circuit", "Derive the self-inductance for a cylindrical solenoid", "Derive the self-inductance for a rectangular toroid"], "14.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field": ["Explain how energy can be stored in a magnetic field", "Derive the equation for energy stored in a coaxial cable given the magnetic energy density"], "14.4 RL Circuits": ["Analyze circuits that have an inductor and resistor in series", "Describe how current and voltage exponentially grow or decay based on the initial conditions"], "14.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit": ["Explain why charge or current oscillates between a capacitor and inductor, respectively, when wired in series", "Describe the relationship between the charge and current oscillating between a capacitor and inductor wired in series"], "14.6 RLC Series Circuits": ["Determine the angular frequency of oscillation for a resistor, inductor, capacitor <math display=\"inline\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>L</mi><mi>C</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding=\"MathML-Content\"><mrow><mo>(</mo><mi>R</mi><mi>L</mi><mi>C</mi><mo>)</mo></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math> series circuit", "Relate the <math display=\"inline\"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>L</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation-xml encoding=\"MathML-Content\"><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>L</mi><mi>C</mi></mrow></annotation-xml></semantics></math> circuit to a damped spring oscillation"], "15.1 AC Sources": ["Explain the differences between direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac)", "Define characteristic features of alternating current and voltage, such as the amplitude or peak and the frequency"], "15.2 Simple AC Circuits": ["Interpret phasor diagrams and apply them to ac circuits with resistors, capacitors, and inductors", "Define the reactance for a resistor, capacitor, and inductor to help understand how current in the circuit behaves compared to each of these devices"], "15.3 RLC Series Circuits with AC": ["Describe how the current varies in a resistor, a capacitor, and an inductor while in series with an ac power source", "Use phasors to understand the phase angle of a resistor, capacitor, and inductor ac circuit and to understand what that phase angle means", "Calculate the impedance of a circuit"], "15.4 Power in an AC Circuit": ["Describe how average power from an ac circuit can be written in terms of peak current and voltage and of rms current and voltage", "Determine the relationship between the phase angle of the current and voltage and the average power, known as the power factor"], "15.5 Resonance in an AC Circuit": ["Determine the peak ac resonant angular frequency for a RLC circuit", "Explain the width of the average power versus angular frequency curve and its significance using terms like bandwidth and quality factor"], "15.6 Transformers": ["Explain why power plants transmit electricity at high voltages and low currents and how they do this", "Develop relationships among current, voltage, and the number of windings in step-up and step-down transformers"], "16.1 Maxwells Equations and Electromagnetic Waves": ["Explain Maxwell\u2019s correction of Amp\u00e8re\u2019s law by including the displacement current", "State and apply Maxwell\u2019s equations in integral form", "Describe how the symmetry between changing electric and changing magnetic fields explains Maxwell\u2019s prediction of electromagnetic waves", "Describe how Hertz confirmed Maxwell\u2019s prediction of electromagnetic waves"], "16.2 Plane Electromagnetic Waves": ["Describe how Maxwell\u2019s equations predict the relative directions of the electric fields and magnetic fields, and the direction of propagation of plane electromagnetic waves", "Explain how Maxwell\u2019s equations predict that the speed of propagation of electromagnetic waves in free space is exactly the speed of light", "Calculate the relative magnitude of the electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic plane wave", "Describe how electromagnetic waves are produced and detected"], "16.3 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves": ["Express the time-averaged energy density of electromagnetic waves in terms of their electric and magnetic field amplitudes", "Calculate the Poynting vector and the energy intensity of electromagnetic waves", "Explain how the energy of an electromagnetic wave depends on its amplitude, whereas the energy of a photon is proportional to its frequency"], "16.4 Momentum and Radiation Pressure": ["Describe the relationship of the radiation pressure and the energy density of an electromagnetic wave", "Explain how the radiation pressure of light, while small, can produce observable astronomical effects"], "16.5 The Electromagnetic Spectrum": ["Explain how electromagnetic waves are divided into different ranges, depending on wavelength and corresponding frequency", "Describe how electromagnetic waves in different categories are produced", "Describe some of the many practical everyday applications of electromagnetic waves"]}