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BITWISEOPERTORS.md

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Bitwise Operators in C++

Bitwise operators are used to perform operations on individual bits of numbers. They are useful when you want to manipulate data at the bit level.

List of Bitwise Operators

  1. & - Bitwise AND
  2. | - Bitwise OR
  3. ^ - Bitwise XOR (Exclusive OR)
  4. ~ - Bitwise NOT
  5. << - Left Shift
  6. >> - Right Shift

1. Bitwise AND (&)

This operator compares each bit of the first operand to the corresponding bit of the second operand. If both bits are 1, the corresponding result bit is set to 1. Otherwise, the corresponding result bit is set to 0.

Example:

int a = 5;  // 0101 in binary
int b = 3;  // 0011 in binary
int result = a & b;  // 0001 in binary which is 1 in decimal

2. Bitwise OR (|)

This operator compares each bit of the first operand to the corresponding bit of the second operand. If either bit is 1, the corresponding result bit is set to 1. Otherwise, the corresponding result bit is set to 0.

Example:

int a = 5;  // 0101 in binary
int b = 3;  // 0011 in binary
int result = a | b;  // 0111 in binary which is 7 in decimal

3. Bitwise XOR (^)

This operator compares each bit of the first operand to the corresponding bit of the second operand. If the bits are different, the corresponding result bit is set to 1. Otherwise, it's set to 0.

Example:

int a = 5;  // 0101 in binary
int b = 3;  // 0011 in binary
int result = a ^ b;  // 0110 in binary which is 6 in decimal

4. Bitwise NOT (~)

This operator inverts the bits of its operand.

Example:

int a = 5;  // 0101 in binary
int result = ~a;  // 1010 in binary which is -6 in decimal (due to two's complement representation)

5. Left Shift (<<)

This operator shifts the left operand's value to the left by the number of bits specified by the right operand.

Example:

int a = 5;  // 0101 in binary
int result = a << 1;  // 1010 in binary which is 10 in decimal

6. Right Shift (>>)

This operator shifts the left operand's value to the right by the number of bits specified by the right operand.

Example:

int a = 5;  // 0101 in binary
int result = a >> 1;  // 0010 in binary which is 2 in decimal

Conclusion

Bitwise operators are powerful tools for manipulating individual bits in numbers. They are commonly used in low-level programming, such as systems programming and embedded systems. Understanding these operators can help you optimize your code and perform operations that aren't possible with regular arithmetic operators.

Note: Always be careful when using bitwise operators, as incorrect usage can lead to unexpected results.