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[Android Dev] 1.2 Connect to the Internet
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<span class="label label-default">Series</span>
Part 2 of «Associate Android Developer Fast Track»
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目录
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<div id="toc"><ul><li><a class="toc-href" href="#logging" title="logging">logging</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#the-resources-folder" title="the Resources folder">the Resources folder</a><ul><li><a class="toc-href" href="#working-with-resvaluesstringsxml" title="working with res/values/strings.xml">working with res/values/strings.xml</a></li></ul></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#menu-and-actionbar_1" title="Menu and ActionBar">Menu and ActionBar</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#build-the-query-url" title="Build the query URL">Build the query URL</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#fetching-http-request" title="Fetching http request">Fetching http request</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#permission" title="Permission">Permission</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#networkonmainthread-exception" title="NetworkOnMainThread exception">NetworkOnMainThread exception</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#asynctask" title="AsyncTask">AsyncTask</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#asynctask-example-code" title="AsyncTask Example code">AsyncTask Example code</a></li><li><a class="toc-href" href="#parsing-json" title="Parsing JSON">Parsing JSON</a></li></ul></div>
</div>
</div>
<h2 id="logging">logging</h2>
<p><a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/util/Log.html">https://developer.android.com/reference/android/util/Log.html</a></p>
<ul>
<li>5 log levels: <code>error/warning/info/debug/verbose</code></li>
<li>error/warning/info are preserved in the release of app</li>
<li>use class name as tag: <code>MyClass.class.getSimpleName()</code></li>
</ul>
<p><img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/andev_p1e2_internet//pasted_image.png"/></p>
<h2 id="the-resources-folder">the Resources folder</h2>
<p><a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/resources/providing-resources.html">https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/resources/providing-resources.html</a></p>
<p><img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/andev_p1e2_internet//pasted_image001.png"/></p>
<h3 id="working-with-resvaluesstringsxml">working with res/values/strings.xml</h3>
<p>the strings defined in this xml file can be got from java activity using <code>getString(R.string._the_id)</code> method. </p>
<p>example:</p>
<p>in string.xml: <code><string name="today">Today</string></code><br/>
in java: <code>String myString = getString(R.string.today)</code><br/>
in other xmls files: use <code>@string/today</code> to access it. </p>
<p>ref: <a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/resources/string-resource.html">https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/resources/string-resource.html</a></p>
<h2 id="menu-and-actionbar_1">Menu and ActionBar</h2>
<p><img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/andev_p1e2_internet//pasted_image003.png"/></p>
<p>a menu item in the xml file (res folder→ create new android resource directory → menu): </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span>// TODO (2) Create a menu in res/menu called main.xml</span>
<span class="code-line">// TODO (3) Add one menu item to your menu</span>
<span class="code-line">// TODO (4) Give the menu item an id of @+id/action_search</span>
<span class="code-line">// TODO (5) Set the orderInCategory to 1</span>
<span class="code-line">// TODO (6) Show this item if there is room (use app:showAsAction, NOT android:showAsAction)</span>
<span class="code-line">// TODO (7) Set the title to the search string ("Search") from strings.xml</span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="nt"><menu</span> <span class="na">xmlns:android=</span><span class="s">"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="na">xmlns:app=</span><span class="s">"http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"</span><span class="nt">></span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="nt"><item</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="na">android:id=</span><span class="s">"@+id/action_search"</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="na">android:orderInCategory=</span><span class="s">"1"</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="na">android:title=</span><span class="s">"@string/search"</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="na">app:showAsAction=</span><span class="s">"ifRoom"</span> <span class="nt">/></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="nt"></menu></span></span>
</pre></div>
<p>shoule also set MainActivity as singleTop mode: </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err"><activity android:name=".MainActivity"</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> android:launchMode="singleTop"></span></span>
</pre></div>
<p>To create menu: override <code>onCreateMenu</code>: </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span>// <span class="n">TODO</span> (<span class="mi">8</span>) <span class="n">Override</span> <span class="n">onCreateOptionsMenu</span></span>
<span class="code-line">// <span class="n">TODO</span> (<span class="mi">9</span>) <span class="n">Within</span> <span class="n">onCreateOptionsMenu</span>, <span class="k">use</span> <span class="n">getMenuInflater</span>().<span class="n">inflate</span> <span class="nb">to</span> <span class="n">inflate</span> <span class="n">the</span> <span class="n">menu</span></span>
<span class="code-line">// <span class="n">TODO</span> (<span class="mi">10</span>) <span class="n">Return</span> <span class="nb">true</span> <span class="nb">to</span> <span class="n">display</span> <span class="n">your</span> <span class="n">menu</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="nv">@Override</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="n">public</span> <span class="n">boolean</span> <span class="n">onCreateOptionsMenu</span>(<span class="n">Menu</span> <span class="n">menu</span>) {</span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="n">getMenuInflater</span>().<span class="n">inflate</span>(<span class="n">R</span>.<span class="n">menu</span>.<span class="n">main</span>, <span class="n">menu</span>);</span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">true</span>;</span>
<span class="code-line">}</span>
</pre></div>
<p>To handle menu item clicks: <code>onOptionsItemSelected</code> </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">// TODO (11) Override onOptionsItemSelected</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">// TODO (12) Within onOptionsItemSelected, get the ID of the item that was selected</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">// TODO (13) If the item's ID is R.id.action_search, show a Toast and return true to tell droid that you've handled this menu click</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">// TODO (14) Don't forgot to call .show() on your Toast</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">// TODO (15) If you do NOT handle the menu click, return super.onOptionsItemSelected to let droid handle the menu click</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">@Override</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">public boolean onOptionsItemSelected(MenuItem item) {</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> int itemid = item.getItemId();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> if(itemid==R.id.action_search) {</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">// use MainActivity.this as context, instead of using just this</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> Toast.makeText(MainActivity.this, "search action selected!", Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show(); </span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> return true;</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> }</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> return super.onOptionsItemSelected(item);</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">}</span></span>
</pre></div>
<p>Another way to set menuitem action: <code>menuitem.setIntent</code></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">@Override</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">public boolean onCreateOptionsMenu(Menu menu) {</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> getMenuInflater().inflate(R.menu.detail, menu);</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> MenuItem menuitem = menu.findItem(R.id.action_share);</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> Intent intent = ShareCompat.IntentBuilder.from(this)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> .setType("text/plain")</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> .setChooserTitle("choose which app to share")</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> .setText(mForecast)</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> .getIntent();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> menuitem.setIntent(intent);</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> return true;</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">}</span></span>
</pre></div>
<h2 id="build-the-query-url">Build the query URL</h2>
<p>the request url for github repo search: <code>https://api.github.com/search/repositories?q=android&sort=stars</code></p>
<p>use Uri Builder:<br/>
<img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/andev_p1e2_internet//pasted_image007.png"/></p>
<p>convert Uri to java URL: <br/>
<img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/andev_p1e2_internet//pasted_image008.png"/></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">public static URL buildUrl(String githubSearchQuery) {</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> Uri.Builder uribuilder = Uri.parse(GITHUB_BASE_URL).buildUpon();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> uribuilder = uribuilder.appendQueryParameter(PARAM_QUERY, githubSearchQuery);</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> uribuilder = uribuilder.appendQueryParameter(PARAM_SORT, sortBy);</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> Uri uri = uribuilder.build();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> URL url = null;</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> try{</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> url = new URL(uri.toString());</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> } catch (MalformedURLException e) {</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> e.printStackTrace();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> }</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> return url;</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">}</span></span>
</pre></div>
<h2 id="fetching-http-request">Fetching http request</h2>
<p><a href="http://stackoverflow.com/questions/309424/read-convert-an-inputstream-to-a-string">http://stackoverflow.com/questions/309424/read-convert-an-inputstream-to-a-string</a></p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="k">public</span> <span class="k">static</span> <span class="n">String</span> <span class="n">getResponseFromHttpUrl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">URL</span> <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">throws</span> <span class="n">IOException</span> <span class="err">{</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="n">HttpURLConnection</span> <span class="n">urlConnection</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HttpURLConnection</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="n">url</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">openConnection</span><span class="p">();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="n">try</span> <span class="err">{</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="n">InputStream</span> <span class="k">in</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">urlConnection</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">getInputStream</span><span class="p">();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="n">Scanner</span> <span class="n">scanner</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">new</span> <span class="n">Scanner</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">in</span><span class="p">);</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="n">scanner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">useDelimiter</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">"\\A"</span><span class="p">);</span></span>
<span class="code-line"></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="nb">boolean</span> <span class="n">hasInput</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">scanner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">hasNext</span><span class="p">();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="k">if</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hasInput</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="err">{</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">scanner</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">next</span><span class="p">();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="err">}</span> <span class="k">else</span> <span class="err">{</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="k">return</span> <span class="k">null</span><span class="p">;</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="err">}</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="err">}</span> <span class="n">finally</span> <span class="err">{</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="n">urlConnection</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">disconnect</span><span class="p">();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"> <span class="err">}</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">}</span></span>
</pre></div>
<p>or use external library: <a href="http://square.github.io/okhttp/">http://square.github.io/okhttp/</a></p>
<h2 id="permission">Permission</h2>
<p>declear permissions required in android manifest.xml<br/>
<a href="https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/index.html">https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/permissions/index.html</a></p>
<p>in AndroidManifest.xml, under the manifest root: </p>
<p><code><uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/></code></p>
<h2 id="networkonmainthread-exception">NetworkOnMainThread exception</h2>
<p>android has a <strong>single</strong> user interface thread responsible for user interaction: 60FPS — want to <em>do as little as possible on this main thread</em>. </p>
<p>⇒ run the network on a secondary execusion thread, when finished, modify the user interface on UI thread. </p>
<p>⇒ <strong>AsyncTask</strong></p>
<h2 id="asynctask">AsyncTask</h2>
<p>allows running a task on background thread while publishing results to the UI thread.
The UI thread has a <strong>message queue</strong> and a <strong>handler</strong>: to process messages from other threads. — AsyncTask wraps this into a simpler interface. </p>
<p><code>AsyncTask</code> is generic, the <strong>type parameters</strong> include: <code>AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result></code></p>
<p><img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/andev_p1e2_internet//pasted_image010.png"/></p>
<p>These 3 type parameters correspond to 4 function to override: <code>doInBackgroud, onProgressUpdate, onPostExecute, onPreEcecute</code>. </p>
<p><img alt="" class="img-responsive" src="../images/andev_p1e2_internet//pasted_image013.png"/></p>
<p>Once this (sub)class is defined, on UI thread, just create an <code>AysncTask task</code>, and use <code>task.execute(params..)</code> to make it run on background thread. </p>
<p>ref: <a href="https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/AsyncTask.html">https://developer.android.com/reference/android/os/AsyncTask.html</a></p>
<h2 id="asynctask-example-code">AsyncTask Example code</h2>
<p>First create an inner class that extends AyncTask<> class, and add the job to do here:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="o">//</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TODO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">Create</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">a</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">called</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GithubQueryTask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">that</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AsyncTask</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">URL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Void</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">GithubQueryTask</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">extends</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">AsyncTask</span><span class="o"><</span><span class="n">URL</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Void</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="o">></span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">{</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">@Override</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">//</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TODO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">the</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">doInBackground</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">method</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">perform</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">the</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">query</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">Return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">the</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">results</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">doInBackground</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">URL</span><span class="p">...</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">params</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">{</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">URL</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">url</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">params</span><span class="o">[</span><span class="n">0</span><span class="o">]</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">try</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">{</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">NetworkUtils</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">getResponseFromHttpUrl</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">res</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">}</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">catch</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">IOException</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">{</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">printStackTrace</span><span class="p">();</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">}</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">return</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span><span class="p">;</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">}</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="nv">@Override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">//</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TODO</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">Override</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">onPostExecute</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">to</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">display</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">the</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">results</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="ow">in</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">the</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">TextView</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">protected</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">void</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">onPostExecute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">String</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">{</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">if</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">!=</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">null</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="o">&&</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">!</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="k">equals</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="ss">""</span><span class="p">))</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">mSearchResultsTextView</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">setText</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="k">else</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="n">super</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">onPostExecute</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">);</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="w"> </span><span class="err">}</span><span class="w"></span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">}</span><span class="w"></span></span>
</pre></div>
<p>Then in UI thread, create a such class object, call execute method on it: </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">private void makeGithubSearchQuery() {</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> String githubQuery = mSearchBoxEditText.getText().toString();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> URL githubSearchUrl = NetworkUtils.buildUrl(githubQuery);</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> mUrlDisplayTextView.setText(githubSearchUrl.toString());</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> // TODO (4) Create a new GithubQueryTask and call its execute method, passing in the url to query</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> GithubQueryTask task = new GithubQueryTask();</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> task.execute(githubSearchUrl);</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">}</span></span>
</pre></div>
<p>To show a progress bar when running in background ?
⇒ put textview and progressbar into the same <code>FrameLayout</code>, when running, make the progressbar visible, when finished, make it invisible. </p>
<h2 id="parsing-json">Parsing JSON</h2>
<p>json file content: </p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">{</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> "temp": {</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> "min":"11.34",</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> "max":"19.01"</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> }</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> "weather": {</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> "id":"801",</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> "condition":"Clouds",</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> "description":"few clouds"</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> }</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> "pressure":"1023.51",</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> "humidity":"87"</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">}</span></span>
</pre></div>
<p>the funtion to get the condition from the above json:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span class="code-line"><span></span><span class="err">String getCondition(String JSONString) {</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> JSONObject forecast = new JSONObject(JSONString);</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> JSONObject weather = forecast.getJSONObject("weather");</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err"> return weather.getString("condition");</span></span>
<span class="code-line"><span class="err">}</span></span>
</pre></div>
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[Android Dev] 1.3 RecyclerView
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<li class="list-group-item"><a class="btn btn-default" href='https://x-wei.github.io/andev_p1e4_intents.html' style="text-align:left">[Android Dev] 1.4 Intents</a></li>
<li class="list-group-item"><a class="btn btn-default" href='https://x-wei.github.io/andev_p2e1_lifecycle.html' style="text-align:left">[Android Dev] 2.1 Lifecycles</a></li>
<li class="list-group-item"><a class="btn btn-default" href='https://x-wei.github.io/andev_p2e2_pref.html' style="text-align:left">[Android Dev] 2.2 Preference</a></li>
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