diff --git a/docs/modules/Reader.ts.md b/docs/modules/Reader.ts.md
index 9d00e7948..baeeade6e 100644
--- a/docs/modules/Reader.ts.md
+++ b/docs/modules/Reader.ts.md
@@ -442,7 +442,8 @@ Changes the value of the local context during the execution of the action `ma` (
 **Signature**
 
 ```ts
-export declare const local: <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1) => <A>(ma: Reader<R1, A>) => Reader<R2, A>
+export declare function local<R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: Reader<R1, A>) => Reader<R2, A>
+export declare function local<R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: Reader<R1, A>) => Reader<R2, A>
 ```
 
 **Example**
diff --git a/docs/modules/ReaderEither.ts.md b/docs/modules/ReaderEither.ts.md
index 7cc4f0743..ae7e594e5 100644
--- a/docs/modules/ReaderEither.ts.md
+++ b/docs/modules/ReaderEither.ts.md
@@ -661,9 +661,10 @@ Changes the value of the local context during the execution of the action `ma` (
 **Signature**
 
 ```ts
-export declare const local: <R1, R2 = R1>(
-  f: (r2: R2) => R1
-) => <E, A>(ma: ReaderEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderEither<R2, E, A>
+export declare const local: {
+  <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <E, A>(ma: ReaderEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderEither<R2, E, A>
+  <R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <E, A>(ma: ReaderEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderEither<R2, E, A>
+}
 ```
 
 Added in v2.0.0
diff --git a/docs/modules/ReaderIO.ts.md b/docs/modules/ReaderIO.ts.md
index fa51ebe08..f1d1f89d4 100644
--- a/docs/modules/ReaderIO.ts.md
+++ b/docs/modules/ReaderIO.ts.md
@@ -377,7 +377,10 @@ Changes the value of the local context during the execution of the action `ma` (
 **Signature**
 
 ```ts
-export declare const local: <R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1) => <A>(ma: ReaderIO<R1, A>) => ReaderIO<R2, A>
+export declare const local: {
+  <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: ReaderIO<R1, A>) => ReaderIO<R2, A>
+  <R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: ReaderIO<R1, A>) => ReaderIO<R2, A>
+}
 ```
 
 Added in v2.13.0
diff --git a/docs/modules/ReaderTask.ts.md b/docs/modules/ReaderTask.ts.md
index 9b6eb583b..8c958fd3c 100644
--- a/docs/modules/ReaderTask.ts.md
+++ b/docs/modules/ReaderTask.ts.md
@@ -441,7 +441,10 @@ Changes the value of the local context during the execution of the action `ma` (
 **Signature**
 
 ```ts
-export declare const local: <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1) => <A>(ma: ReaderTask<R1, A>) => ReaderTask<R2, A>
+export declare const local: {
+  <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: ReaderTask<R1, A>) => ReaderTask<R2, A>
+  <R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: ReaderTask<R1, A>) => ReaderTask<R2, A>
+}
 ```
 
 Added in v2.3.0
diff --git a/docs/modules/ReaderTaskEither.ts.md b/docs/modules/ReaderTaskEither.ts.md
index 2b08d6089..a1ce20d5b 100644
--- a/docs/modules/ReaderTaskEither.ts.md
+++ b/docs/modules/ReaderTaskEither.ts.md
@@ -1032,9 +1032,10 @@ Changes the value of the local context during the execution of the action `ma` (
 **Signature**
 
 ```ts
-export declare const local: <R1, R2 = R1>(
-  f: (r2: R2) => R1
-) => <E, A>(ma: ReaderTaskEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderTaskEither<R2, E, A>
+export declare const local: {
+  <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <E, A>(ma: ReaderTaskEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderTaskEither<R2, E, A>
+  <R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <E, A>(ma: ReaderTaskEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderTaskEither<R2, E, A>
+}
 ```
 
 Added in v2.0.0
diff --git a/docs/modules/StateReaderTaskEither.ts.md b/docs/modules/StateReaderTaskEither.ts.md
index 25daa9656..f2f5d7aa6 100644
--- a/docs/modules/StateReaderTaskEither.ts.md
+++ b/docs/modules/StateReaderTaskEither.ts.md
@@ -903,9 +903,12 @@ Changes the value of the local context during the execution of the action `ma` (
 **Signature**
 
 ```ts
-export declare const local: <R1, R2 = R1>(
+export declare function local<R1, R2 = R1>(
   f: (r2: R2) => R1
-) => <S, E, A>(ma: StateReaderTaskEither<S, R1, E, A>) => StateReaderTaskEither<S, R2, E, A>
+): <S, E, A>(ma: StateReaderTaskEither<S, R1, E, A>) => StateReaderTaskEither<S, R2, E, A>
+export declare function local<R2, R1>(
+  f: (r2: R2) => R1
+): <S, E, A>(ma: StateReaderTaskEither<S, R1, E, A>) => StateReaderTaskEither<S, R2, E, A>
 ```
 
 Added in v2.11.0
diff --git a/dtslint/ts3.5/Reader.ts b/dtslint/ts3.5/Reader.ts
index 1dc3e3a30..ecbe132c4 100644
--- a/dtslint/ts3.5/Reader.ts
+++ b/dtslint/ts3.5/Reader.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import * as _ from '../../src/Reader'
 import { pipe } from '../../src/function'
 
+declare function modifyA<R extends { a: string }>(r: R): R
+
 //
 // local
 //
@@ -21,6 +23,9 @@ pipe(
   }))
 )
 
+// $ExpectType Reader<{ a: string; b: string; }, string>
+pipe(_.of<{ a: string; b: string }, string>('a'), _.local(modifyA))
+
 //
 // chainW
 //
diff --git a/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderEither.ts b/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderEither.ts
index 7150d4285..6b31bb5b9 100644
--- a/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderEither.ts
+++ b/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderEither.ts
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ import * as R from '../../src/Reader'
 import * as E from '../../src/Either'
 import { pipe } from '../../src/function'
 
+declare function modifyA<R extends { a: string }>(r: R): R
+
 //
 // local
 //
@@ -23,6 +25,9 @@ pipe(
   }))
 )
 
+// $ExpectType ReaderEither<{ a: string; b: string; }, number, string>
+pipe(_.of<{ a: string; b: string }, number, string>('a'), _.local(modifyA))
+
 //
 // getOrElseW
 //
diff --git a/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderIO.ts b/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderIO.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1881c120a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderIO.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import * as _ from '../../src/ReaderIO'
+import { pipe } from '../../src/function'
+
+declare function modifyA<R extends { a: string }>(r: R): R
+
+//
+// local
+//
+
+// $ExpectType ReaderIO<{ a: string; }, string>
+pipe(
+  _.of<{ a: string }, string>('a'),
+  _.local((env) => ({
+    a: env.a
+  }))
+)
+
+// $ExpectType ReaderIO<{ b: string; }, string>
+pipe(
+  _.of<{ a: string }, string>('a'),
+  _.local((env: { b: string }) => ({
+    a: env.b
+  }))
+)
+
+// $ExpectType ReaderIO<{ a: string; b: string; }, string>
+pipe(_.of<{ a: string; b: string }, string>('a'), _.local(modifyA))
diff --git a/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderTask.ts b/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderTask.ts
index 3d89bd438..2994ca990 100644
--- a/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderTask.ts
+++ b/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderTask.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import * as _ from '../../src/ReaderTask'
 import { pipe } from '../../src/function'
 
+declare function modifyA<R extends { a: string }>(r: R): R
+
 //
 // local
 //
@@ -21,6 +23,9 @@ pipe(
   }))
 )
 
+// $ExpectType ReaderTask<{ a: string; b: string; }, string>
+pipe(_.of<{ a: string; b: string }, string>('a'), _.local(modifyA))
+
 //
 // Do
 //
diff --git a/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderTaskEither.ts b/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderTaskEither.ts
index 1b2ff051d..db7589f96 100644
--- a/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderTaskEither.ts
+++ b/dtslint/ts3.5/ReaderTaskEither.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import * as TE from '../../src/TaskEither'
 import * as IOE from '../../src/IOEither'
 import { pipe } from '../../src/function'
 
+declare function modifyA<R extends { a: string }>(r: R): R
+
 //
 // local
 //
@@ -25,6 +27,9 @@ pipe(
   }))
 )
 
+// $ExpectType ReaderTaskEither<{ a: string; b: string; }, number, string>
+pipe(_.of<{ a: string; b: string }, number, string>('a'), _.local(modifyA))
+
 //
 // getOrElseW
 //
diff --git a/dtslint/ts3.5/StateReaderTaskEither.ts b/dtslint/ts3.5/StateReaderTaskEither.ts
index 8fb0c5534..51ed3a5f3 100644
--- a/dtslint/ts3.5/StateReaderTaskEither.ts
+++ b/dtslint/ts3.5/StateReaderTaskEither.ts
@@ -5,6 +5,8 @@ import * as RTE from '../../src/ReaderTaskEither'
 import * as IOE from '../../src/IOEither'
 import { pipe } from '../../src/function'
 
+declare function modifyA<R extends { a: string }>(r: R): R
+
 //
 // local
 //
@@ -25,6 +27,9 @@ pipe(
   }))
 )
 
+// $ExpectType StateReaderTaskEither<boolean, { a: string; b: string; }, number, string>
+pipe(_.of<boolean, { a: string; b: string }, number, string>('a'), _.local(modifyA))
+
 //
 // chainW
 //
diff --git a/src/Reader.ts b/src/Reader.ts
index 44e88fcf0..cc23fb92a 100644
--- a/src/Reader.ts
+++ b/src/Reader.ts
@@ -123,8 +123,11 @@ export const asks: <R, A>(f: (r: R) => A) => Reader<R, A> = identity
  * @category combinators
  * @since 2.0.0
  */
-export const local: <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1) => <A>(ma: Reader<R1, A>) => Reader<R2, A> = (f) => (ma) => (r2) =>
-  ma(f(r2))
+export function local<R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: Reader<R1, A>) => Reader<R2, A>
+export function local<R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: Reader<R1, A>) => Reader<R2, A>
+export function local<R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: Reader<R1, A>) => Reader<R2, A> {
+  return (ma) => (r2) => ma(f(r2))
+}
 
 /**
  * Less strict version of [`asksReader`](#asksreader).
diff --git a/src/ReaderEither.ts b/src/ReaderEither.ts
index 7779fc5af..3b21a2ea2 100644
--- a/src/ReaderEither.ts
+++ b/src/ReaderEither.ts
@@ -217,8 +217,10 @@ export const toUnion: <R, E, A>(fa: ReaderEither<R, E, A>) => Reader<R, E | A> =
  * @category combinators
  * @since 2.0.0
  */
-export const local: <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1) => <E, A>(ma: ReaderEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderEither<R2, E, A> =
-  R.local
+export const local: {
+  <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <E, A>(ma: ReaderEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderEither<R2, E, A>
+  <R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <E, A>(ma: ReaderEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderEither<R2, E, A>
+} = R.local
 
 /**
  * Less strict version of [`asksReaderEither`](#asksreadereither).
diff --git a/src/ReaderIO.ts b/src/ReaderIO.ts
index 3365d1598..1b322c050 100644
--- a/src/ReaderIO.ts
+++ b/src/ReaderIO.ts
@@ -64,7 +64,10 @@ export const fromIO: FromIO2<URI>['fromIO'] =
  * @category combinators
  * @since 2.13.0
  */
-export const local: <R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1) => <A>(ma: ReaderIO<R1, A>) => ReaderIO<R2, A> = R.local
+export const local: {
+  <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: ReaderIO<R1, A>) => ReaderIO<R2, A>
+  <R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: ReaderIO<R1, A>) => ReaderIO<R2, A>
+} = R.local
 
 /**
  * Less strict version of [`asksReaderIO`](#asksreaderio).
diff --git a/src/ReaderTask.ts b/src/ReaderTask.ts
index ad3988837..c79aea3b8 100644
--- a/src/ReaderTask.ts
+++ b/src/ReaderTask.ts
@@ -86,7 +86,10 @@ export const fromIO: FromIO2<URI>['fromIO'] = /*#__PURE__*/ flow(T.fromIO, fromT
  * @category combinators
  * @since 2.3.0
  */
-export const local: <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1) => <A>(ma: ReaderTask<R1, A>) => ReaderTask<R2, A> = R.local
+export const local: {
+  <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: ReaderTask<R1, A>) => ReaderTask<R2, A>
+  <R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <A>(ma: ReaderTask<R1, A>) => ReaderTask<R2, A>
+} = R.local
 
 /**
  * Less strict version of [`asksReaderTask`](#asksreadertask).
diff --git a/src/ReaderTaskEither.ts b/src/ReaderTaskEither.ts
index 990e31916..0eac40a4e 100644
--- a/src/ReaderTaskEither.ts
+++ b/src/ReaderTaskEither.ts
@@ -350,9 +350,10 @@ export const chainNullableK: <E>(
  * @category combinators
  * @since 2.0.0
  */
-export const local: <R1, R2 = R1>(
-  f: (r2: R2) => R1
-) => <E, A>(ma: ReaderTaskEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderTaskEither<R2, E, A> = R.local
+export const local: {
+  <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <E, A>(ma: ReaderTaskEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderTaskEither<R2, E, A>
+  <R2, R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1): <E, A>(ma: ReaderTaskEither<R1, E, A>) => ReaderTaskEither<R2, E, A>
+} = R.local
 
 /**
  * Less strict version of [`asksReaderTaskEither`](#asksreadertaskeither).
diff --git a/src/StateReaderTaskEither.ts b/src/StateReaderTaskEither.ts
index 5e9f1c4ca..eff74ed8b 100644
--- a/src/StateReaderTaskEither.ts
+++ b/src/StateReaderTaskEither.ts
@@ -234,9 +234,17 @@ export const fromReaderTaskEither: NaturalTransformation34<RTE.URI, URI> = /*#__
  * @category combinators
  * @since 2.11.0
  */
-export const local = <R1, R2 = R1>(f: (r2: R2) => R1) => <S, E, A>(
-  ma: StateReaderTaskEither<S, R1, E, A>
-): StateReaderTaskEither<S, R2, E, A> => flow(ma, R.local(f))
+export function local<R1, R2 = R1>(
+  f: (r2: R2) => R1
+): <S, E, A>(ma: StateReaderTaskEither<S, R1, E, A>) => StateReaderTaskEither<S, R2, E, A>
+export function local<R2, R1>(
+  f: (r2: R2) => R1
+): <S, E, A>(ma: StateReaderTaskEither<S, R1, E, A>) => StateReaderTaskEither<S, R2, E, A>
+export function local<R2, R1>(
+  f: (r2: R2) => R1
+): <S, E, A>(ma: StateReaderTaskEither<S, R1, E, A>) => StateReaderTaskEither<S, R2, E, A> {
+  return (ma) => flow(ma, R.local(f))
+}
 
 /**
  * Less strict version of [`asksStateReaderTaskEither`](#asksstatereadertaskeither).