diff --git a/spyder/app/tests/test_mainwindow.py b/spyder/app/tests/test_mainwindow.py
index f3eb79be6f8..127de082e5e 100644
--- a/spyder/app/tests/test_mainwindow.py
+++ b/spyder/app/tests/test_mainwindow.py
@@ -1625,7 +1625,32 @@ def test_run_code(main_window, qtbot, tmpdir):
                     timeout=EVAL_TIMEOUT)
     assert shell.get_value('li') == [1, 2, 3]
 
-    # try running cell without file name
+    # Clean namespace
+    with qtbot.waitSignal(shell.executed):
+        shell.execute('%reset -f')
+
+    # Wait until there are no objects in the variable explorer
+    qtbot.waitUntil(lambda: nsb.editor.source_model.rowCount() == 0,
+                    timeout=EVAL_TIMEOUT)
+
+    # Open a new file
+    editor.load(osp.join(LOCATION, 'script_pylint.py'))
+    qtbot.wait(500)
+
+    # Re-run last cell (from the previous file).
+    # This is a regression for spyder-ide/spyder#23076
+    with qtbot.waitSignal(shell.executed):
+        re_run_action.trigger()
+
+    # We should get the same result as before
+    qtbot.waitUntil(lambda: nsb.editor.source_model.rowCount() == 1,
+                    timeout=EVAL_TIMEOUT)
+    assert shell.get_value('li') == [1, 2, 3]
+
+    # Close new file
+    editor.close_file()
+
+    # Try running cell without file name
     shell.clear()
 
     # Clean namespace
diff --git a/spyder/plugins/editor/widgets/main_widget.py b/spyder/plugins/editor/widgets/main_widget.py
index 228ab39907c..7a822eb81e2 100644
--- a/spyder/plugins/editor/widgets/main_widget.py
+++ b/spyder/plugins/editor/widgets/main_widget.py
@@ -3109,13 +3109,12 @@ def get_run_configuration_per_context(
         self, context, extra_action_name, context_modificator, re_run=False
     ) -> Optional[RunConfiguration]:
         editorstack = self.get_current_editorstack()
-        fname = self.get_current_filename()
-        __, filename_ext = osp.splitext(fname)
-        fname_ext = filename_ext[1:]
         run_input = {}
         context_name = None
 
         if context == RunContext.Selection:
+            fname = self.get_current_filename()
+
             if context_modificator == SelectionContextModificator.ToLine:
                 to_current_line = editorstack.get_to_current_line()
                 if to_current_line is not None:
@@ -3144,8 +3143,11 @@ def get_run_configuration_per_context(
         elif context == RunContext.Cell:
             if re_run:
                 info = editorstack.get_last_cell()
+                fname = editorstack.last_cell_call[0]
             else:
                 info = editorstack.get_current_cell()
+                fname = self.get_current_filename()
+
             text, offsets, line_cols, cell_name, enc = info
             context_name = 'Cell'
             copy_cell = self.get_conf('run_cell_copy', section='run')
@@ -3157,6 +3159,9 @@ def get_run_configuration_per_context(
             if extra_action_name == ExtraAction.Advance:
                 editorstack.advance_cell()
 
+        __, filename_ext = osp.splitext(fname)
+        fname_ext = filename_ext[1:]
+
         metadata: RunConfigurationMetadata = {
             'name': fname,
             'source': self._plugin.NAME,
diff --git a/spyder/plugins/run/container.py b/spyder/plugins/run/container.py
index b9ae3b5fc89..400eacca75d 100644
--- a/spyder/plugins/run/container.py
+++ b/spyder/plugins/run/container.py
@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ def setup(self):
 
         self.last_executed_file: Optional[str] = None
         self.last_executed_per_context: Set[Tuple[str, str]] = set()
+        self._last_executed_configuration: Optional[str] = None
 
     def update_actions(self):
         pass
@@ -143,12 +144,25 @@ def anonymous_execution_run():
             if self.currently_selected_configuration is None:
                 return
 
-            input_provider = self.run_metadata_provider[
-                self.currently_selected_configuration]
+            # We save the last executed configuration in case we need it to
+            # re-run the last cell with the same parameters.
+            # This is necessary for spyder-ide/spyder#23076
+            if not re_run:
+                uuid = self.currently_selected_configuration
+                self._last_executed_configuration = (
+                    self.currently_selected_configuration
+                )
+            else:
+                uuid = self._last_executed_configuration
+
+                # If nothing has been executed so far, we can't re-run it.
+                if uuid is None:
+                    return
+
+            input_provider = self.run_metadata_provider[uuid]
 
             if context in self.super_contexts:
-                run_conf = input_provider.get_run_configuration(
-                    self.currently_selected_configuration)
+                run_conf = input_provider.get_run_configuration(uuid)
             else:
                 run_conf = input_provider.get_run_configuration_per_context(
                     context, extra_action_name, context_modificator,
@@ -157,7 +171,6 @@ def anonymous_execution_run():
             if run_conf is None:
                 return
 
-            uuid = self.currently_selected_configuration
             super_metadata = self.metadata_model[uuid]
             extension = super_metadata['input_extension']