diff --git a/.github/workflows/draft-pdf.yml b/.github/workflows/draft-pdf.yml deleted file mode 100644 index 4aa2bd5..0000000 --- a/.github/workflows/draft-pdf.yml +++ /dev/null @@ -1,25 +0,0 @@ -on: [push] - -jobs: - paper: - runs-on: ubuntu-latest - name: Paper Draft - steps: - - name: Checkout - uses: actions/checkout@v4 - - name: Build draft PDF - uses: openjournals/openjournals-draft-action@master - with: - journal: joss - # This should be the path to the paper within your repo. - paper-path: paper.md - - name: Upload - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v1 - with: - name: paper - # This is the output path where Pandoc will write the compiled - # PDF. Note, this should be the same directory as the input - # paper.md - path: paper.pdf - - name: Open Journals PDF Generator - uses: openjournals/openjournals-draft-action@v.1.0 diff --git a/RABI_example.png b/RABI_example.png deleted file mode 100644 index 4963d50..0000000 Binary files a/RABI_example.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/RABI_example1.png b/RABI_example1.png deleted file mode 100644 index 4c97f8f..0000000 Binary files a/RABI_example1.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/RABI_example2.png b/RABI_example2.png deleted file mode 100644 index c7bc140..0000000 Binary files a/RABI_example2.png and /dev/null differ diff --git a/paper.bib b/paper.bib deleted file mode 100644 index 1f1ac85..0000000 --- a/paper.bib +++ /dev/null @@ -1,126 +0,0 @@ - -@article{ Stefanazzi:2022, - author = {Stefanazzi, Leandro and Treptow, Kenneth and Wilcer, Neal and Stoughton, Chris and Bradford, Collin and Uemura, Sho and Zorzetti, Silvia and Montella, Salvatore and Cancelo, Gustavo and Sussman, Sara and Houck, Andrew and Saxena, Shefali and Arnaldi, Horacio and Agrawal, Ankur and Zhang, Helin and Ding, Chunyang and Schuster, David I.}, - title = "{The QICK (Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit): Readout and control for qubits and detectors}", - journal = {Review of Scientific Instruments}, - volume = {93}, - number = {4}, - pages = {044709}, - year = {2022}, - month = {04}, - issn = {0034-6748}, - doi = {10.1063/5.0076249} -} - -@misc{Bourdeauducq:2016, -url={https://zenodo.org/records/51303}, - title={ARTIQ 1.0 (1.0)}, - author={Bourdeauducq, Sebastian and J{\"o}rdens, R and Zotov, P and Britton, J and Slichter, D and Leibrandt, D and Allcock, D and Hankin, A and Kermarrec, F and Sionneau, Y and others}, - year={2016}, - publisher={Zenodo} -} - -@article{ Xu:2023, -author = {Xu, Yilun and Huang, Gang and Balewski, Jan and Morvan, Alexis and Nowrouzi, Kasra and Santiago, David I. and Naik, Ravi K. and Mitchell, Brad and Siddiqi, Irfan}, -title = {Automatic Qubit Characterization and Gate Optimization with QubiC}, -year = {2022}, -issue_date = {March 2023}, -publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, -address = {New York, NY, USA}, -volume = {4}, -number = {1}, -doi = {10.1145/3529397}, -abstract = {As the size and complexity of a quantum computer increases, quantum bit (qubit) characterization and gate optimization become complex and time-consuming tasks. Current calibration techniques require complicated and verbose measurements to tune up qubits and gates, which cannot easily expand to the large-scale quantum systems. We develop a concise and automatic calibration protocol to characterize qubits and optimize gates using QubiC, which is an open source FPGA (field-programmable gate array)-based control and measurement system for superconducting quantum information processors. We propose multi-dimensional loss-based optimization of single-qubit gates and full XY-plane measurement method for the two-qubit CNOT gate calibration. We demonstrate the QubiC automatic calibration protocols are capable of delivering high-fidelity gates on the state-of-the-art transmon-type processor operating at the Advanced Quantum Testbed at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The single-qubit and two-qubit Clifford gate infidelities measured by randomized benchmarking are of 4.9(1.1) \texttimes{} 10-4 and 1.4(3) \texttimes{} 10-2, respectively.}, -journal = {ACM Transactions on Quantum Computing}, -month = {oct}, -articleno = {3}, -numpages = {12}, -keywords = {engineering software, quantum gate calibration, FPGA, qubit control, NISQ, gateware} -} - -@INPROCEEDINGS{Kulik:2022, - author={Kulik, Paweł and Sowiński, Mikołaj and Kasprowicz, Grzegorz and Allcock, David and Ballance, Christopher and Bourdeauducq, Sébastien and Britton, Joseph and Gąska, Michał and Harty, Thomas and Jarosiński, Jakub and Jördens, Robert and Kiepiela, Marcin and Krackow, Norman and Nadlinger, David and Poźniak, Krzysztof and Przywózki, Tomasz and Slichter, Daniel and Świtakowski, Filip and Weber, Marius and Wojciechowski, Andrzej and Zhang, Weida}, - booktitle={2022 IEEE International Conference on Quantum Computing and Engineering (QCE)}, - title={Latest developments in the Sinara open hardware ecosystem}, - year={2022}, - volume={}, - number={}, - pages={799-802}, - doi={10.1109/QCE53715.2022.00123}} - -@article{Shammah:2023, - title={Open Hardware in Quantum Technology}, - author={Shammah, Nathan and Roy, Anurag Saha and Almudever, Carmen G and Bourdeauducq, S{\'e}bastien and Butko, Anastasiia and Cancelo, Gustavo and Clark, Susan M and Heinsoo, Johannes and Henriet, Lo{\"\i}c and Huang, Gang and others}, - journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.17233}, - year={2023}, - doi={10.48550/arXiv.2309.17233} -} - - -@article{Butcher:2019, - title={Quantum diamond spectrometer for nanoscale NMR and ESR spectroscopy}, - author={Bucher, Dominik B and Aude Craik, Diana PL and Backlund, Mikael P and Turner, Matthew J and Ben Dor, Oren and Glenn, David R and Walsworth, Ronald L}, - journal={Nature Protocols}, - volume={14}, - number={9}, - pages={2707--2747}, - year={2019}, - publisher={Nature Publishing Group UK London}, - doi={10.5281/zenodo.1478113} -} - -@article{Casola:2018, - title={Probing condensed matter physics with magnetometry based on nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond}, - author={Casola, Francesco and Van Der Sar, Toeno and Yacoby, Amir}, - journal={Nature Reviews Materials}, - volume={3}, - number={1}, - pages={1--13}, - year={2018}, - publisher={Nature Publishing Group}, - doi={10.1038/natrevmats.2017.88} -} -@article{Henshaw:2023, -doi = {10.1088/2633-4356/ace095}, -year = {2023}, -month = {jul}, -publisher = {IOP Publishing}, -volume = {3}, -number = {3}, -pages = {035001}, -author = {Jacob Henshaw and Pauli Kehayias and Luca Basso and Michael Jaris and Rong Cong and Michael Titze and {Tzu Ming} Lu and Michael P Lilly and Andrew M Mounce}, -title = {Mitigation of nitrogen vacancy photoluminescence quenching from material integration for quantum sensing}, -journal = {Materials for Quantum Technology }, -abstract = {The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond has demonstrated great promise in a wide range of quantum sensing. Recently, there have been a series of proposals and experiments using NV centers to detect spin noise of quantum materials near the diamond surface. This is a rich complex area of study with novel nano-magnetism and electronic behavior, that the NV center would be ideal for sensing. However, due to the electronic properties of the NV itself and its host material, getting high quality NV centers within nanometers of such systems is challenging. Band bending caused by space charges formed at the metal-semiconductor interface force the NV center into its insensitive charge states. Here, we investigate optimizing this interface by depositing thin metal films and thin insulating layers on a series of NV ensembles at different depths to characterize the impact of metal films on different ensemble depths. We find an improvement of coherence and dephasing times we attribute to ionization of other paramagnetic defects. The insulating layer of alumina between the metal and diamond provide improved photoluminescence and higher sensitivity in all modes of sensing as compared to direct contact with the metal, providing as much as a factor of 2 increase in sensitivity, decrease of integration time by a factor of 4, for NV T 1 relaxometry measurements.} -} - -@article{Henshaw:2022, - title={Nanoscale solid-state nuclear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy using depth-optimized nitrogen-vacancy ensembles in diamond}, - author={Henshaw, Jacob and Kehayias, Pauli and Saleh Ziabari, Maziar and Titze, Michael and Morissette, Erin and Watanabe, Kenji and Taniguchi, Takashi and Li, JIA and Acosta, Victor M and Bielejec, Edward S and others}, - journal={Applied Physics Letters}, - volume={120}, - number={17}, - year={2022}, - publisher={AIP Publishing}, - doi={10.1063/5.0083774} -} -@article{Wang:2022, - title={Noninvasive measurements of spin transport properties of an antiferromagnetic insulator}, - author={Wang, Hailong and Zhang, Shu and McLaughlin, Nathan J and Flebus, Benedetta and Huang, Mengqi and Xiao, Yuxuan and Liu, Chuanpu and Wu, Mingzhong and Fullerton, Eric E and Tserkovnyak, Yaroslav and others}, - journal={Science advances}, - volume={8}, - number={1}, - pages={eabg8562}, - year={2022}, - publisher={American Association for the Advancement of Science}, - doi={10.1126/sciadv.abg8562} -} -@ARTICLE{Xu:2021, - author={Xu, Yilun and Huang, Gang and Balewski, Jan and Naik, Ravi and Morvan, Alexis and Mitchell, Bradley and Nowrouzi, Kasra and Santiago, David I. and Siddiqi, Irfan}, - journal={IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering}, - title={QubiC: An Open-Source FPGA-Based Control and Measurement System for Superconducting Quantum Information Processors}, - year={2021}, - volume={2}, - number={}, - pages={1-11}, - doi={10.1109/TQE.2021.3116540}} diff --git a/paper.md b/paper.md deleted file mode 100644 index 18f2ca7..0000000 --- a/paper.md +++ /dev/null @@ -1,87 +0,0 @@ ---- -title: 'Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit – Defect Arbitrary Waveform Generator (QICK-DAWG): A Quantum Sensing Control Framework for Quantum Defects' -tags: - - QICK - - Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers - - NVs - - quantum defect characterization - - RFSoC4x2 -authors: -- name: E. G. Riendeau - corresponding: emmelineriendeau@gmail.com - orcid: 0000-0002-0460-873X - affiliation: "1, 2" # (Multiple affiliations must be quoted) -- name: L. Basso - affiliation: 2 -- name: J. J. Mah - affiliation: "2,3" -- name: R. Cong - affiliation: "2,3" -- name: M. A. Sadi - affiliation: "2,4" -- name: J. Henshaw - affiliation: 2 -- name: K. M. Azizur-Rahman - affiliation: 2 -- name: A. Jones - affiliation: "2,5" -- name: G. Joshi - affiliation: 2 -- name: M. P. Lilly - affiliation: 2 -- name: A. M. Mounce - corresponding: amounce@sandia.gov - orcid: 0000-0002-8115-2764 - affiliation: 2 -affiliations: -- name: Haverford College, US - index: 1 -- name: Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), Sandia National Laboratories, US - index: 2 -- name: Brown University, US - index: 3 -- name: Purdue University, US - index: 4 -- name: Georgia Institute of Technology, US - index: 5 -date: 27 November 2023 -bibliography: paper.bib ---- - -# Summary -The Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit - Defect Arbitrary Waveform Generator (QICK-DAWG), is an open-source software and firmware package for full quantum control and measurement of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color-centers in diamond and other quantum defects in semiconductor materials for quantum sensing. QICK-DAWG extends the capabilities of the Quantum Instrumentation Control Kit (QICK, an open-source qubit firmware and software package) to quantum defects by implementing controlled laser pulsing and low frequency readout required for defect initialization, control, and measurement using recently available Radio Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA). In addition to user-friendly software and firmware, QICK-DAWG adds documentation that guides users through hardware setup. - -Specifically, the QICK-DAWG package consists of FPGA firmware (modified from the original QICK firmware compiled in Vivado), Python software (that extends QICK for specific pulse programs and altered functionality), instructions for installation and hardware modifications, and a demo Jupyter Notebook . QICK-DAWG’s measurement programs consist of specific microwave, laser, and readout pulse sequences built in QICK’s Python framework for consistency and extensibility. Pulse sequence programs and data analysis scripts are included to collect and characterize photoluminescence (PL) intensity, optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) spectra, PL readout windows, Rabi oscillations, Ramsey interference spectra, Hahn echo spin-spin relaxation times T2, and spin-lattice relaxation times T1. Additional pulse sequence programs and data analysis scripts will be added in the future. QICK-DAWG also implements live-update of plots for PL intensities to optimize laser alignment, broadband ODMR spectra for magnetic field alignment, and Rabi oscillations to optimize microwave antenna alignment or positioning. A setup Readme.md file walks users through rudimentary hardware setup, installation, and modification required for low frequency data collection using RealDigital’s RFSoC4x2. The package also has a batch file with directions for easy installation setup for the RFSoC Linux kernel that drives firmware, controls, and reads from the FPGA for offline installation of packages. The demo Jupyter Notebook walks users through typical experimental flow and the configuration of each pulse sequence. Each measurement program includes a method that checks whether all required configurations for pulsing programs are present and a method which provides a visual representation of the plot sequence. Ultimately, QICK-DAWG is an extensible firmware and software package for quantum sensing using NV color-centers in diamond and other quantum defects using one control hub for consistency among different experimental setups or laboratories. - -# Related Work - -Recent open-source software and commercially available RFSoC FPGA evaluation boards provide a strong foundation for developing an open-source control measurement, software, and firmware package for NVs and other diamond quantum defects. Open-source software packages for quantum control and data acquisition such as ARTIQ [@Bourdeauducq:2016], Qubic [@Xu:2023], and QICK [@Stefanazzi:2022] have been continually developed over the past decade for a variety of quantum experiments. These packages have been developed in response to the shortcoming in both in-house and existing commercial based quantum control systems. Focusing on hardware, recently available RFSoC FPGAs including Xilinx’s ZCU216, Xilinx’s ZCU111 and Real Digital’s RFSoC4x2 can generate control pulses at high frequencies (6–10GHz) and digitize signals from photodiodes and single photon detector modules at high sample rates. The precise high-frequency pulse generation, readout capability, compact size, and relatively low cost of these RFSoC FPGAs make them ideal candidates for defect control hardware. - -QICK provides firmware, a high-level Python user interface, and accessible inexpensive hardware making it an ideal platform for extension. Both QICK and Qubic utilize RFSoC FPGAs, however only QICK provides firmware for Real Digital’s RFSoC4x2, the lowest cost commercial off the shelf FPGA board. QICK also provides a high-level Python user interface that supports rapid implementation and simple in lab parameter modification . Additionally, QICK is already a popular software package; QICK has been applied to superconducting, spin, atomic, molecular, and optical qubit systems, and has reached 40 labs in the last two years [@Shammah:2023]. Simple modification to QICK firmware, hardware and software is necessary for implementation of QICK in spin-based quantum control experiments like NVs and other diamond quantum defects. QICK-DAWG implements these modifications, extending QICK. - - - -# Statement of need -Open quantum hardware (OQH ) is a broad category that covers the open-source tools and components needed to build and control quantum computers, technologies, and sensors. OQH has the potential to accelerate quantum research, quantum technology development, and increase accessibility of quantum computing and quantum sensing. The specific area of OQH that QICK-DAWG fills is open-source instrumentation, control, and data acquisition software. - -Currently, quantum sensing with quantum defects is accomplished by research groups assembling their own hardware consisting of many different instruments and creating their own software to control them [@Butcher:2019]. Timing between instruments, such as microwave generators and switches, arbitrary waveform generators, digital to analog converters, and/or photon counters, is typically provided by a fast FPGA TTL generator triggering independent instruments which can lead to timing offsets that must be accounted for. Thus, there is a lack of consistency in hardware and software for quantum defect-based quantum sensing, a niche that QICK-DAWG fills, in addition to simplified operation as all functionality happens on a single instrument’s timing. - -QICK-DAWG increases accessibility to NV and defect research through its open-source nature, reduced hardware cost, high-level Python-based user interface, and extensive documentation. In the included documentation and demo, the QICK-DAWG package utilizes the Real Digital RFSoC4x2 as this particular SoC has a relatively low cost. Thus, QICK-DAWG lowers the cost of entry for quantum sensing with RFSoCs by as much as an order of magnitude. QICK-DAWG implementation requires some rudimentary hardware modification and additional hardware that is detailed in the installation Readme document. Thus, QICK-DAWG supports full quantum control and data acquisition of NV centers and other diamond quantum defects—a spin-based open-source software niche not yet filled. Furthermore, through reduced equipment costs, high-level Python user interface, and extensive documentation, QICK-DAWG makes NV quantum measurements accessible to academic and small labs and does not require extensive background knowledge in quantum control hardware. - -# Current Implementation - -At Sandia National Laboratories, we are currently using QICK-DAWG to characterize ensembles of both NVs in diamond and boron-vacancy defects in hexagonal boron nitride. These quantum defects are characterized for PL intensity, T*2, T2, and T1. We characterize both the intrinsic properties of these quantum defects and dependent properties which change in the presence of other materials of interest, i.e., in a quantum sensing experiment. These methods allow us to understand the spin properties of low dimensional materials which cannot be accessed by traditional spin probes [@Henshaw:2023][@Henshaw:2022][@Casola:2018][@Wang:2022]. - - -# Acknowledgements - -We thank S. Uemura and S. Sussman for helping to modify QICK firmware and guidance on using QICK. We would also like to acknowledge J. Feder, J. Heremans, C. Yao, E. Henriksen, F. Balakirev, and J. Kitzman for inspirational and technical discussions. - -Sandia National Laboratories is a multi-mission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia (NTESS), LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the DOE’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-NA0003525. This work was funded, in part, by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development Program and performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science. This paper describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government. - -This work was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Workforce Development for Teachers and Scientists (WDTS) under the Science Undergraduate Laboratory Internships Program (SULI). This work was performed, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT), an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science. - - - -# References -