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| ## Non-Spatial Analyses in QGIS | ||
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| ### Geoprocessing Tools - Overview and Selection | ||
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| ```{Tip} | ||
| Example for a clip: | ||
| ``` | ||
| Creates a __selection__ based on the spatial relationship between each feature in the input layer and the features in an additional layer. | ||
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| Step by step: | ||
| - __Input Layer__: Layer from which the selection is clipped | ||
| - __Overlay Layer__: Area of interest that the input layer will be clipped to | ||
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| <tagName> <tagName> | ||
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| ```{Tip} | ||
| Example for a buffer: | ||
| ``` | ||
| - __Computes (a) buffer area(s)__ for all the features in an input layer, using a specified distance | ||
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| Step by step: | ||
| - __Input Layer__: Layer around which features the buffer(s) are to be created | ||
| - __Distance__: Choose a value and unit (make sure that your input data is projected) | ||
| - __Segments__: Add value | ||
| - Mark __„Dissolve result“__ to automatically dissolve the buffer outputs | ||
| - If individual buffers are needed, leave __blank__ | ||
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| <tagName> <tagName> | ||
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|  | ||
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| ```{Tip} | ||
| Examples for buffer usage: | ||
| ``` | ||
| Philippines: Taal Volcano, Base surge hazard map | ||
| [https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/1BaseSurge_Layout-Jan2020_A0_v5.jpg](https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/vault/1BaseSurge_Layout-Jan2020_A0_v5.jpg) | ||
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| Nepal: Earthquake, april 2015 | ||
| [https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/reach_npl_map_earthquakeaffected_27apr2015_a3.pdf](https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/reach_npl_map_earthquakeaffected_27apr2015_a3.pdf) | ||
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| Fukushima: may 2011, Integrated doce results<br> | ||
| [https://www.emsics.com/five-years-fukushima-incident-management-considerations/](https://www.emsics.com/five-years-fukushima-incident-management-considerations/) | ||
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| ### Buffer: with and without “Dissolve” | ||
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| With dissolve results: | ||
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| Without dissolve results: | ||
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| ## Non-Spatial Joins in QGIS | ||
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| - Choose __“Join Attributes by Field Value”__ Tool (use search tool): | ||
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| - __Adds attributes__ of a non-spatial table to the layer | ||
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| - Enables join using a __field/column__ that is present in both data sets | ||
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| Step by step: | ||
| - Input layer: __Vector layer__ | ||
| - Table field: Field/ column that exists in __both data sets__ (name of column in vector layer) | ||
| - Input layer 2: __Text/csv/xls data__ | ||
| - Table field 2: Field/ column that exists in __both data sets__ (name of column in text/csv/xls) | ||
| - Join type: Select __„Take attributes of the first matching feature only (one-to-one)“__. | ||
| - Define __output layer name and destination__ or leave at temporary layer | ||
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| <tagName> <tagName> | ||
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| ```{Tip} | ||
| Hint | ||
| ``` | ||
| If a table join does not work via the “Join Attributes by Field Value” tool, a join can also be performed via the __layer properties__ (right-click, Properties) under the Join tab. | ||
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| <tagName> <tagName> | ||
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| ## Spatial Joins in QGIS | ||
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| Choose __“Join Attributes by Location”__ Tool: | ||
| - Adds __additional attributes__ of the join layer to the input layer based on the spatial relationship | ||
| - __Input Layer__: Dataset you want to enrich | ||
| - __Join layer__: Dataset with additional information/attributes | ||
| (you can specify which fields of the join layer should be added) | ||
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| <tagName> <tagName> | ||
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| # What is GIS? (Theory) | ||
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| ## General Information: | ||
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| - A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a __digital system that connects data to maps__. | ||
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| - Geoinformatics in general focus on the __visualisation, organisation and processing of spatial data__. | ||
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| - Spatial analyses furthermore allow __to reveal circumstances and connections between spatial data features__: | ||
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| - by making use of their spatial location, __information layers__ (or features within a layer) can be analyzed in regard to each other to obtain new information. | ||
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| ## Why are Spatial Analyses important? | ||
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| ```{Note} | ||
| Discuss in groups: | ||
| ``` | ||
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| - Situations in which you benefitted from spatial analyses. | ||
| - Situations in which you could may be have benefitted from spatial analyses. | ||
| - Main areas where you see potential for spatial analyses in your work. | ||
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| ## Introduction to GIS: | ||
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| ### We use GIS for: | ||
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| - Creating interactive queries __(Querying)__ | ||
| - Analysing spatial information __(Spatial analysis)__ | ||
| - Editing and visualizing data in maps __(Editing)__ | ||
| - Present the results of all these operations __(Map making)__ | ||
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| ### GIS in Humanitarian Responses | ||
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| GIS has many applications in the __humanitarian field__: | ||
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| - Refugee/IDP camp planning | ||
| - Mapping remote areas to facilitate access | ||
| - Keep track of field operations | ||
| - Support security decisions | ||
| - Support operations planning | ||
| - Identify areas most affected by disasters | ||
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| ```{Tip} | ||
| A few examples: | ||
| ``` | ||
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| - [REACH Initiative](https://www.reachresourcecentre.info/search/) | ||
| - [World Food Programme (WFP)](https://hungermap.wfp.org/) | ||
| - [Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF)](https://geo.msf.org/catalogue) | ||
| - [iMMAP](https://immap.org/products/) | ||
| - [MapAction](https://maps.mapaction.org/) | ||
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| ## A Galaxy of Tools | ||
| GIS comes with a __galaxy of tools__ that are constantly evolving. An increasing number of traditional tools are now capable of supporting geographic information (Excel, Power BI, Adobe Illustrator…) | ||
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| ### An Overview: | ||
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| - __Mobile Data Collection Tools__ | ||
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| The latter make it possible to collect data via mobile or tablet, and often to visualize and exchange it with other platforms according to a common format. | ||
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| - __Mapping Tools__ | ||
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| These tools provide a simple vizualisation of geographic data, and allow for the production of maps. | ||
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| - __GIS Tools__ | ||
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| As opposed to the previous ones, these more advanced tools are very comprehensive and allow for advanced analyses to be carried out on the geographical components of data. | ||
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| - __Webmapping Tools__ | ||
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| These tools make it possible to manipulate and create maps online in a very simple way directly in a web browser. | ||
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| ## Paper Maps and Cartography | ||
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| ### What is Spatial Analysis? | ||
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| - Spatial analysis __studies entities and events__ using their topological, geometric, or geographic properties. | ||
| - It includes a __variety of techniques__ to analyse geographic data. | ||
| - Data can be __added to a map as layers and they can interact with each other__. | ||
| - GIS enables you to work with these __layers__ to explore critically important questions and __find answers__ to those questions. | ||
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| #### An Example from the Past: John Snows' Cholera Map | ||
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| In 1854 an __outbreak of cholera__ occurred in London, England. The most common theory was that the disease was spread through the air. Dr.John Snow believed that the danger was __in the water__. He made a map to analyse the __number of deaths__ in Soho per house block. He added the __location of water pumps__ on the map. | ||
| He found a __correlation__ between one specific water pump and the number of infections. | ||
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| __Dr. Snow's map of the Cholera outbreak of 1854__, and the reports that it accompanied, __won over the predominant "Miasma Theory"__ that the disease __was spread through the air__. Residents were now warned to __boil their water__, and so ended the last Cholera outbreak London has seen. | ||
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|  John Snows' Map | ||
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| __Using GIS__, several measures of spatial central tendency have been applied to the dataset, revealing that the Spatial Mean (the geographic center of the distribution of deaths) of the outbreak lies __within 35 meters of the Broad Street Pump__, identified as the __source of contamination__ in the 1854 outbreak. | ||
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| ```{Tip} | ||
| Further information: | ||
| ``` | ||
| - [Let’s explore John Snow’s map](https://www.arcgis.com/apps/PublicInformation/index.html?appid=d7deb67f810d46dfacb80ff80ac224e9) | ||
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| ## GIS vs Cartography | ||
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| - __Cartography__ is the study and practice of __making maps__. | ||
| - A GIS is a __modern extension__ of traditional cartography. | ||
| - Both contain examples of a __base map__ to which additional data can be added. | ||
| - The differences are that there is no limit to the __amount of additional data__ that can be added to a GIS map. | ||
| - Cartographic maps are often extremely simplified as there are limits to the amount of data that can be physically and meaningfully stored on a small map. | ||
| - GIS uses __analysis and statistics__ to present data in support of particular arguments which a cartographic map cannot do. | ||
| - You can use GIS __for__ cartography. | ||
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| <tagName> <tagName> | ||
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|  GIS vs Cartography | ||
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| ### General Reference Maps | ||
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| - Show important __physical features__ of an area | ||
| - Include __natural and man-made features__ | ||
| - Usually meant to help for __navigation__ or discovery of locations | ||
| - Usually fairly __simple__ | ||
| - Can be __stylized__ based on the intended audience | ||
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| <tagName> <tagName> | ||
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|  Reference map of Iraq | ||
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| ### Infrastructure Maps | ||
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| - Display relevant features and __structures__ in a specific area | ||
| - Help __planning__ and navigation | ||
| - High level of __detail__ | ||
| - Produced after field __data collection__ | ||
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| <tagName> <tagName> | ||
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| Infrastructure map of Nigeria | ||
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| ### Thematic Maps | ||
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| - Focus on a __specific theme__ or subject | ||
| - Features on the map __represent the subject__ being mapped | ||
| - Use __colours and shapes__ to display quantitative and qualitative data | ||
| - Rise __awareness__ about a specific subject | ||
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| <tagName> <tagName> | ||
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|  Thematic map of Africa | ||
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| ### Analysis Maps | ||
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| - __Analyse data__ in respect to their geographic location | ||
| - Create __new layers of information__ from the interaction between multiple features | ||
| - Use colours and shapes __to help users__ understand specific events | ||
| - __Support__ decision makers | ||
| - Generally display a greater __level of detail__ | ||
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| <tagName> <tagName> | ||
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|  Analysis map of Yemen | ||
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| ### Situation/Descriptive Maps | ||
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| - Used to __better visualize__ a specific ongoing and/or past situation | ||
| - Maps can include __narrative__ and graphic elements | ||
| - Can be used in reports and/or to __raise awareness__ on a specific event | ||
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| <tagName> <tagName> | ||
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| Situation map from Tilkaif to Mosul | ||
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| ## Web GIS platforms | ||
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| ### GIS Applications | ||
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| - You can use GIS through __multiple applications__, from desktop software, to online platforms, to mobile apps. | ||
| - At a basic level, you can perform limited geospatial tasks with apps such as __Google Earth__ or __Google Maps__. | ||
| - As a GIS professional, you will mostly use a __desktop software__, which could be either: Proprietary or Open source. | ||
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| - __Open Street Maps (OSM)__: | ||
| [https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=14/49.4192/8.7235]( | ||
| https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=14/49.4192/8.7235) | ||
| An __open geographic database__ updated and maintained by a community of volunteers via open collaboration. It works using a tag system (each feature is categorized through tags). | ||
| - __uMap__: [https://umap.openstreetmap.fr/en/](https://umap.openstreetmap.fr/en/) | ||
| Online tool to create maps __using OSM layers__. | ||
| - __Felt__: [https://felt.com/](/https://felt.com/) | ||
| An __easy tool__ to create maps. You can draw, create feature and upload shapefiles. | ||
| - __Wikimapia:__ [https://wikimapia.org/#lang=de&lat=49.402500&lon=8.633100&z=12&m=w]( | ||
| https://wikimapia.org/#lang=de&lat=49.402500&lon=8.633100&z=12&m=w) | ||
| Online editable map service. Updated and maintained by contributors all over the world. It uses __local knowledge__, making it particularly useful in remote areas. | ||
| - __Google Maps:__ [https://www.google.com/maps/d/](https://www.google.com/maps/d/) | ||
| Limited, but it allows to upload layers, create and export features, __share simple maps__. | ||
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| ### Geo Mobile Apps Overview (General Understanding) | ||
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| - __Qfield__: [https://docs.qfield.org/](https://docs.qfield.org/) | ||
| Through QFieldCloud, you can __open your QGIS projects__ on Qfield on your mobile device. Any edit made on the map in the app can then be synced and displayed in QGIS. | ||
| - __OsmAnd__: [https://osmand.net/](https://osmand.net/) | ||
| Using OSM basemap, it’s a good app for __offline navigation__. You can upload kml-files to display on the map, as well as recording your trips and then export them to kml. | ||
| - __GeoODK__: [http://geoodk.com/index.html](http://geoodk.com/index.html) | ||
| Combines __ODK with a geo app__. You can collect data through ODK surveys and display them on a map, in addition to easily create polygons and add information to them. | ||
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