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fix Latex bug and add links to tutorial examples (#2971)
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oskooi authored Jan 24, 2025
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Expand Up @@ -902,11 +902,15 @@ To compute the radiation pattern $P(\theta, \phi)$ requires three steps:
2. Obtain the *total* far fields at these points, for a given $\phi$ by summing the far fields from (1): $\vec{E}_{tot}(\theta, \phi) = \vec{E}_{m=0}(\theta)e^{im\phi} +\sum_{m=-M}^M \vec{E}_m(\theta)e^{im\phi}$ and $\vec{H}_{tot}(\theta, \phi) = \vec{H}_{m=0}(\theta)e^{im\phi} + \sum_{m=-M}^M \vec{H}_m(\theta)e^{im\phi}$. Note that $\vec{E}_m$ and $\vec{H}_m$ are generally complex. (The $\pm m$ terms are related by a mirror flip in $\phi$, and also by complex conjugation if you also flip the sign of the DFT-monitor frequency and conjugate the source, so it is possible to combine their calculation.)
3. Compute the radial Poynting flux $P_i(\theta_i, \phi)$ for each of $N$ points $i = 0, 1, ..., N - 1$ on the circumference using $\Re\left[\left[\vec{E}_{tot}(\theta_i, \phi) \times \vec{H}^*_{tot}(\theta_i, \phi)\right]\cdot\hat{r}\right]$.

However, if you want to compute the extraction efficiency within an angular cone given $P(\theta) = \int P(\theta, \phi) d\phi$, the calculations simplify because the cross terms in $\vec{E}_{tot} \times \vec{H}^*_{tot}$ between different $m$'s integrate to zero when integrated over $\phi$ from $0$ to $2\pi$. Thus, one can replace step (2) with a direct computation of the powers $P(\theta)$ rather than summing the fields. Furthermore $P_{-m}(\theta, \phi) = $P_{m}(\theta, -\phi)$ so $P_{-m}(\theta) = $P_{m}(\theta)$. As a result, the procedure for computing the extraction efficiency within an angular cone for a dipole source at $r > 0$ involves three steps:
For a demonstration, see [Tutorial/Near to Far Field Spectra/Radiation Pattern of an Antenna in Cylindrical Coordinates](Near_to_Far_Field_Spectra.md#radiation-pattern-of-an-antenna-in-cylindrical-coordinates).

However, if you want to compute the extraction efficiency within an angular cone given $P(\theta) = \int P(\theta, \phi) d\phi$, the calculations simplify because the cross terms in $\vec{E}_{tot} \times \vec{H}^*_{tot}$ between different $m$'s integrate to zero when integrated over $\phi$ from $0$ to $2\pi$. Thus, one can replace step (2) with a direct computation of the powers $P(\theta)$ rather than summing the fields. Furthermore $P_{-m}(\theta, \phi) = P_{m}(\theta, -\phi)$ so $P_{-m}(\theta) = P_{m}(\theta)$. As a result, the procedure for computing the extraction efficiency within an angular cone for a dipole source at $r > 0$ involves three steps:

1. For each simulation in the Fourier-series expansion ($m = 0, 1, ..., M$), compute the far fields $\vec{E}_m$, $\vec{H}_m$ for the desired $\theta$ points in the $rz$ ($\phi = 0$) plane, at an "infinite" radius (i.e., $R \gg \lambda$) using a near-to-far field transformation.
2. Obtain the powers $P(\theta)$ from these far fields by summing: $P(\theta) = \int_{0}^{2\pi} \left[ P_{m=0}(\theta) + 2\sum_{m=1}^{M} P_m(\theta) \right] d\phi = 2\pi \Re\left[ \left[\vec{E}_{m=0}(\theta) \times \vec{H}^*_{m=0}(\theta)\right]\cdot\hat{r} + 2\sum_{m=1}^M \left[\vec{E}_{m}(\theta) \times \vec{H}^*_{m}(\theta)\right]\cdot\hat{r} \right]$.
3. Compute the extraction efficiency within an angular cone $\left[ \int_0^\theta P(\theta') \sin(\theta') d\theta' \right] / \left[ \int_0^{\pi/2} P(\theta') \sin(\theta') d\theta' \right]$ by some discretized integral, e.g. a [trapezoidal rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoidal_rule). See [Tutorial/Cylindrical Coordinates/Radiation Pattern of a Disc in Cylindrical Coordinates](Near_to_Far_Field_Spectra.md#radiation-pattern-of-a-disc-in-cylindrical-coordinates).
3. Compute the extraction efficiency within an angular cone $\left[ \int_0^\theta P(\theta') \sin(\theta') d\theta' \right] / \left[ \int_0^{\pi/2} P(\theta') \sin(\theta') d\theta' \right]$ by some discretized integral, e.g. a [trapezoidal rule](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapezoidal_rule).

For a demonstration, see [Tutorial/Cylindrical Coordinates/Radiation Pattern of a Disc in Cylindrical Coordinates](Near_to_Far_Field_Spectra.md#radiation-pattern-of-a-disc-in-cylindrical-coordinates).

The simulation script is in [examples/point_dipole_cyl.py](https://github.com/NanoComp/meep/blob/master/python/examples/point_dipole_cyl.py).

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