✨ adopt ruff formatter and update ruff config

[burgholzer]

Description

This PR adopts the new ruff formatter as a replacement for black and, in turn, also updates the ruff configuration.

Checklist:

• The pull request only contains commits that are related to it.
• I have added appropriate tests and documentation.
• I have made sure that all CI jobs on GitHub pass.
• The pull request introduces no new warnings and follows the project's style guidelines.

[codecov]

Codecov Report

Merging #324 (0f63779) into main (815ed06) will increase coverage by 5.6%.
The diff coverage is n/a.

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##            main    #324     +/-   ##
=======================================
+ Coverage   90.4%   96.0%   +5.6%     
=======================================
  Files         34      34             
  Lines       1738    1738             
  Branches     212     212             
=======================================
+ Hits        1572    1670     +98     
+ Misses       166      68     -98     

Flag	Coverage Δ		*Carryforward flag
cpp	95.7% <ø> (ø)		Carriedforward from 815ed06
python	97.2% <ø> (+24.9%)	⬆️

*This pull request uses carry forward flags. Click here to find out more.

see 1 file with indirect coverage changes