Add shellcheck and pre-commit to CI jobs

[terhorstd]

This is an addendum to #2880 adding a pre-commit run also to the CI pre-build checks.
The shellcheck is also added separately to address language specific linters on the same level.

Related PRs are:

• Add clang-format pre-commit hook #2936
• Allow isort pre-commit to make in-place changes #2968
• Add pre-commit to NEST environment.yml and limit pylint to pre-3.0 #2996

[heplesser]

See comments and suggestions.

[heplesser]

Suggested change

	- name: "Run shellcheck..."
	- name: "Run pre-commit ..."

[terhorstd]

The checks now are properly added and can be reviewed. The full review contains a ton of white-space changes, so I'd suggest to focus on changes introduced in ac35773 and the following first. There are a couple of intricate changes that were necessary to handle quoted strings correctly, including some bugs like test <cond> && <cond>…
The shellcheck pre-commit hook was changed to shellcheck-py to allow also docker-less run on local machines.

[heplesser]

@terhorstd This looks good, but see the few inline comments. Did you run the shell scripts that have been modified significantly and which are not run by the CI, e.g., run_micrcocircuit and run_examples?

[heplesser]

I am exploring the test failure on macOS.

[terhorstd]

The reason for the MacOS failure is described in https://stackoverflow.com/a/752893. And I think I found a workaround.

[heplesser]

The reason for the MacOS failure is described in https://stackoverflow.com/a/752893. And I think I found a workaround.

Works nicely on macOS now.