[GR-61390] Backport to 24.2: Fix BuildPhaseProvider.is*Finished() so that these methods can be used at any time during the image build. #20915

Job	Run time
/compiler style,fullbuild,test JDK21	32m 19s
/substratevm on Windows	8m 25s
/compiler build,bootstraplite JDKlatest	4m 14s
/espresso style,fullbuild JDK21	13m 40s
/substratevm style,fullbuild JDK21	11m 2s
/substratevm build,helloworld,native_unittests JDKlatest	20m 44s
/substratevm build,debuginfotest JDKlatest	22m 24s
/substratevm hellomodule JDKlatest	4m 53s
/sulong style,fullbuild,sulongBasic JDK21	21m 14s
/truffle JDK21	32m 59s
/vm build,sulong JDKlatest	26m 17s
/vm build JDKlatest	15m 30s
	3h 33m 41s

Provide feedback